Gandhi & Churchill (111 page)

9. “Gandhi and the Black People of South Africa,” in Hunt,
American Looks,
88.

10. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
3:323.

11. Ibid., 37:261.

12. Gandhi,
Autobiography,
265.

13. Ruskin also reinforced the anti-Darwinist message of another writer Gandhi had discovered slightly earlier, the Scots Free Church lecturer Henry Drummond. Drummond’s
Natural Law in the
Spiritual World,
published in 1883, argued that the governing principle of evolution was not survival of the fittest, as Darwinians claimed, but the sacrifice of the most altruistic, i.e. those who nurture and offer their help to others. Drummond’s celebration of altruism was a powerful riposte to Churchill’s mentor Winwood Reade and reveals once again the contrast between the Gandhi and Churchill worldviews.

14. Editorial of October 28, 1905, in
Indian Opinion
. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
4:473.

15. Payne,
Gandhi,
148.

16. Ibid., 149.

17. See Curzon,
Viceroy’s India.

18. Moon,
British Conquest,
920–91.

19. Ibid., 936.

20. Ironically, the reason for his departure had little to do with the partition controversy. It was rather his clash with India’s commander in chief Lord Kitchener over the future shape of the Indian Army. But in India the impact was the same: he left the most reviled public figure among Indians since James Neill. See Dilks,
Curzon in India,
vol 2.

21. Gandhi,
Autobiography,
279.

22. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
5:366–67.

23. Gandhi,
Autobiography,
281.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid., 181.

26. Ibid., 184.

27. Green,
Gandhi,
240.

28. Gandhi,
Autobiography,
182.

29. Quoted in Swan,
Gandhi,
102.

30. Gandhi,
Satyagraha,
137.

31. Back in January 1904 Gandhi had told Indian merchants who were being harassed by the government that “the person prosecuted should rise to the occasion, decline to pay any fines, and go to gaol.” Quoted in Swan,
Gandhi,
117.

32. Although Haji Habib was also chair of the BIA’s Pretoria committee and president of the BIA, Abdul Gani opened the proceedings. Swan,
Gandhi,
121.

33. Gandhi,
Satyagraha,
146, 148.

34. Hunt,
Gandhi in London,
64–65.

35. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
3:426.

36. In other words, more than a million dollars in today’s figures. This according to his son the biographer, in R. S. Churchill,
Winston Churchill,
2:1.

37. Morgan,
Young Man in a Hurry,
138.

38. Ibid., 149.

39. Bennett,
Concept of Empire,
330.

40. Churchill,
Complete Speeches,
262.

41. Ibid., 1:99. How free and open India’s markets really were is a question for economic historians. Gandhi was about to write a stinging rebuke to the assertion that they were indeed free and open. The debate was striking, for it revealed the degree to which British politicians thought of India as
separate
from the rest of the
British
Empire.

42. Ibid., 1:263.

43. Bonham Carter,
Intimate Portrait,
85.

44. Manchester,
Visions of Glory,
359–61.

45. Williams and Ramsden,
Ruling Britannia,
339. Ironically, South Africa and coolie labor were important issues in the 1906 election. However, these were Chinese, not Indian, workers, imported by High Commissioner Milner to work in South Africa’s mines. Labour and Liberals branded it “Chinese slavery,” and campaign posters appeared showing men wearing pigtails in chains. Churchill opposed Milner’s program but hardly campaigned against it. For him, the crucial issue all along was free trade.

46. Morgan,
Young Man in a Hurry,
187.

47. Churchill,
London to Ladysmith,
393.

48. Quoted in Morgan,
Young Man in a Hurry,
197.

49. Quoted ibid., 198.

50. Hunt,
Gandhi in London,
56; Gandhi,
Collected Works,
6:85.

51. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
6:95.

CHAPTER 8.
Brief Encounter

1. Hunt,
Gandhi in London,
69.

2. Ibid., 68–69.

3. One reason was that there had been a petition drive led by Dr. William Godfrey. Godfrey, an Anglo-Indian Johannesburg doctor, had worked with Gandhi during the plague outbreaks in 1904 and had spoken at the Empire Theater meeting. However, he now denounced Gandhi as an ambulance-chasing radical lawyer who had profited personally from agitating against the government, “while Indians in South Africa gained nothing.” Copies of the petition arrived in London before Gandhi’s arrival; Elgin and others had seen them. Godfrey had considerably complicated Gandhi’s mission, and although he managed to allay suspicions in London, the petition shows how sharply divided the Indian community and its supporters were over Gandhi himself. Hunt,
Gandhi in London,
58, 71–73. Characteristically, Gandhi never mentioned the issue in either
Satyagraha
or the
Autobiography
.

4. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
6:88.

5. Payne, Gandhi, 167–68.

6. Quoted in Hunt,
Gandhi in London,
76.

7. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
6:188.

8. Ibid., 6:259.

9. Hunt,
Gandhi in London,
77.

10. Gandhi,
Satyagraha,
173.

11. Ibid., 172.

12. Colonial Office correspondence files, CO 291/103/39670, quoted in Hunt,
Gandhi in London,
80.

13. Gandhi,
Satyagraha,
174.

14. Quoted in Hunt,
Gandhi in London,
66.

15. Churchill,
Complete Speeches,
707.

16. See Herman,
Community, Nonviolence.

17. He even says in
Satyagraha,
“I have no idea when the phrase ‘passive resistance’ was first used in English, and by whom” (153).

18. Hardiman,
Feeding the Baniya.

19. Herman,
Community, Nonviolence;
Green,
Tolstoy and Gandhi;
and Green,
Origins of Nonviolence.

20. Hunt,
Gandhi and Nonconformists;
Gandhi,
Satyagraha,
153.

21. Hunt,
Gandhi in London,
96.

22. Ibid., 97.

23. Gandhi,
Satyagraha,
156.

24. The quotation is from “Yeravda Mandir,” in Gandhi,
Selected Writings,
46. Maganlal still won the prize.

25. Ibid., 156.

26. Quoted in Swan,
Gandhi,
147.

27. Payne,
Gandhi,
171–72; Hunt,
Gandhi in London,
96.

28. Green,
Gandhi,
171.

29. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
356.

30. Payne,
Gandhi,
174.

31. Green,
Gandhi,
171–72.

32. Payne,
Gandhi,
194.

33. “Further Considerations,” February 29, 1908, quoted in Swan,
Gandhi,
161–62.

34. Gandhi,
Satyagraha,
217.

35. Gandhi,
Satyagraha;
Payne,
Gandhi,
181–83.

36. Swan,
Gandhi,
163.

37. Gandhi,
Satyagraha,
249–50.

38. Morgan,
Young Man in a Hurry,
218.

39. Bonham Carter,
Intimate Portrait,
4.

40. Morgan,
Young Man in a Hurry,
220.

41. Gilbert,
Companion,
2:2, 820.

42. Brown,
Prisoner of Hope,
343.

43. Quoted in Manchester,
Visions of Glory,
403.

44. Bonham Carter,
Intimate Portrait,
131.

45. Quoted in Morgan,
Young Man in a Hurry,
255.

46. See Roberts,
Eminent Churchillians,
213.

47. Ibid., 212.

48. Morgan,
Young Man in a Hurry,
289. On eugenics and minimum wage law, see Freeden, “Eugenics and Progressive Thought.”

49. Masterman,
C.F.G. Masterman,
144.

CHAPTER 9.
Break Point

1. Srivastava,
Five Stormy Years,
147.

2. The most detailed accounts of the shooting are in ibid. and Datta,
Dhingra.

3. Srivastava,
Five Stormy Years,
25.

4. Letter to Hermann Kallenbach, August 7, 1909, quoted in Hunt,
Gandhi and Nonconformists,
125.

5. Prabu and Rao,
Mind of Mahatma,
335; Tendulkar,
Mahatma,
2:6.

6. Srivastava,
Five Stormy Years,
81.

7. Wolpert,
Morley and India,
124.

8. Blunt,
My Diaries,
2:288.

9. Letter of August 7, 1909, in Pyarelal Collection, quoted in Hunt,
Gandhi in London,
125.

10. Payne,
Gandhi,
186.

11. Gandhi,
Satyagraha,
174.

12. Quoted in Payne,
Gandhi,
190.

13. Ibid., 191.

14. Swan,
Gandhi,
174–75.

15. Ibid., 174.

16. Ibid., 175.

17. Srivastava,
Five Stormy Years,
150–51.

18. Ibid., 127, 64–65.

19. Hunt,
Gandhi in London,
125, 126–27.

20. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
10: 190.

21. Ibid., 10:159.

22. Ibid., 10:63.

23. On August 10. Ibid., 10:24.

24. Gandhi,
Satyagraha,
313.

25. Hunt,
Gandhi and Nonconformists,
133.

26. Letter of November 12, 1909, in Gandhi,
Collected Works,
10: 234–35.

27. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
10:108, 9.

28. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
35:245–58.

29. “Letter to a Hindoo,” in Tolstoy,
Complete Works,
35:245–58.

30. Maine was an eminent legal historian and former legal member of the viceroy’s council in the years following the Mutiny. His thesis would be essential to Gandhi’s view of rural India for the rest of his life. See Iyer,
Moral and Political Thought.

31. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
10:168–69.

32. Ibid., 10:201–2.

33. Ibid., 10:315.

34. The best edition is found in Gandhi,
Hind Swaraj,
which includes the preface to the original English edition published in Johannesburg in 1910.

35. Ibid., 19.

36. The complete revised text is in ibid., 5–125.

37. Ibid., 28.

38. Ibid., 36–37, 33.

39. These were Chesterton’s words, not Gandhi’s, in his
Illustrated News
article.

40. Ibid., 69.

41. Ibid., 47.

42. Letter to Lord Ampthill, October 30, 1909, in Gandhi,
Collected Works,
10:202.

43. Ibid., 10:90.

44. In the preface, Gandhi,
Hind Swaraj,
7.

45. Srivastava,
Five Stormy Years,
127.

46. Gandhi,
Hind Swaraj,
5n2.

47. Blunt,
My Diaries,
2:270. It is extremely doubtful that Churchill had any idea what Gandhi was planning. But someone may have told him about Tolstoy’s
“Letter to a Hindoo,”
which proposed much the same thing.

48. Gandhi,
Collected Works,
10:143–44.

49. Gandhi,
Hind Swaraj,
113.

50. Green,
Gandhi,
198–99.