Fordlandia (62 page)
Authors: Greg Grandin
Tags: #Industries, #Brazil, #Corporate & Business History, #Political Science, #Fordlândia (Brazil), #Automobile Industry, #Business, #Ford, #Rubber plantations - Brazil - Fordlandia - History - 20th century, #History, #Fordlandia, #Fordlandia (Brazil) - History, #United States, #Rubber plantations, #Planned communities - Brazil - History - 20th century, #Business & Economics, #Latin America, #Planned communities, #Brazil - Civilization - American influences - History - 20th century, #20th Century, #General, #South America, #Biography & Autobiography, #Henry - Political and social views
15
. BFRC, accession 74, box 14, Johnston to Roberge, March 14, 1939.
16
. Wik,
Henry Ford and Grass-Roots America
, p. 224; Collier and Horowitz,
The Fords
, p. 86; BFRC, accession 65, Reminiscences, Oscar G. Olsen.
17
.
Dearborn Independent
, August 6, 1921.
18
. Watts,
People’s Tycoon
, p. 421; Nevins and Hill,
Ford
, p. 605; Dempsey, “Henry Ford’s Amazonian Suburbia,” p. 44; Marx,
The Machine in the Garden
, p. 18.
19
. BFRC, accession 74, box 14, Roberge to Johnston, May 5, 1939; BFRC, accession 74, box 17, “Film and Projectors,” Johnston to Roberge, March 29, 1937; Edward Tomlinson, “Jungle Gold,”
Collier’s Weekly
, December 12, 1936.
20
. BFRC, accession 74, box 16, Pringle to Johnston, November 16, 1937. Fordlandia footage can be found in the National Archives, Special Media Archives Services Division, College Park, Md.; BFRC, accession 74, box 16, Johnston to Roberge, October 23, 1930.
21
.
New York Times
, June 27, 1931.
22
.
Ford News
, June 1, 1928.
23
. Phillips,
Brazil
, p. 54.
24
. BFRC, accession 74, box 16, McClure to Edsel Ford, August 3, 1939; Johnston to Roberge, August 10, 1939; box 15, Johnston to Black, September 18, 1941; Esch, “Fordtown,” p. 119.
25
. BFRC, accession 74, box 13, “Black Binder,” Meadowcroft to Rogge, March 17, 1931.
Chapter 19: Only God Can Grow a Tree
1
. Henry Ford, with Samuel Crowther,
My Life and Work
, New York: Doubleday, Page, 1922, p. 108.
2
. David Campbell,
Land of Ghosts: The Braided Lives of People and the Forest in Far Western Amazonia
, New York: Houghton Mifflin, 2005, p. 12; Stone,
Dreams of Amazonia
, p. 28; Harald Sioli, “My Life in the Amazon,”
Biotropica
11 (1979): 244–45.
3
. BFRC, accession 390, box 86, Johnston to Sorensen, November 17, 1931.
4
. BFRC, accession 390, box 86, Sorensen to Johnston, December 17, 1931.
5
. BFRC, accession 390, box 86, Johnston to Heller, October 22, 1932.
6
. BFRC, accession 38, box 61, “Distinctive Brazilian Hardwoods.”
7
. BFRC, accession 390, box 86, Wibel to Johnston, March 13, 1933; Wilkins and Hill,
American Business Abroad
, p. 176.
8
. Nevins and Hill,
Ford
, p. 614; Brinkley,
Wheels for the World
, p. 138.
9
. BFRC, accession 74, box 14, Johnston to Sorensen, October 18, 1937.
10
. “With Ford on the Amazon: The Story of the Ford Plantation, an Eye-Witness,”
Planter
, January 1931, in BFRC, vertical file, “Rubber Plantations.”
11
. Joseph A. Russell, “Fordlandia and Belterra, Rubber Plantations on the Tapajós River, Brazil,”
Economic Geography
18 (1942): 127; Joseph A. Russell, “Alternative Sources of Rubber,”
Economic Geography
17 (1941): 399–408.
12
. BFRC, accession 74, box 6.
13
. BFRC, accession 390, box 86, Johnston to Sorensen, February 2, 1932.
14
. BFRC, accession 390, box 86, Carnegie to Johnston, February 16, 1932.
15
. Lindbergh,
The Wartime Journals
, p. 710.
16
. Nevins,
Ford
, p. 447, for “edict engineering.”
17
. BFRC, accession 390, box 86, Johnston to Sorensen, February 2, 1932.
18
. BFRC, accession 390, box 83, Wibel to Johnston, July 17, 1934.
19
. BFRC, accession 390, box 83, Wibel to Johnston, May 21, 1931.
Chapter 20: Standard Practices
1
. BFRC, accession 390, box 86, Weir to Johnston, March 31, 1933.
2
. BFRC, accession 1514, box 1, Roberge to Weir, July 29, 1937.
3
. BFRC, accession 390, box 86, Johnston to Carnegie, September 16, 1932, in Dean,
Struggle for Rubber
, p. 75.
4
. Dean,
Struggle for Rubber
, p. 64; BFRC, accession 390, box 86, Johnston to Wibel, December 31, 1932.
5
. BFRC, accession 38, box 71, Department of Agriculture to Rogge, November 8, 1932.
6
. BFRC, accession 390, box 86, Johnston to Wibel, March 13, 1933.
7
. BFRC, accession 390, box 86, Johnston to Wibel, December 31, 1932.
8
. BFRC, accession 1514, box 1, Johnston to Weir, May 9, 1933.
9
. BFRC, accession 1514, box 1, letters in “1928–1933.”
10
. BFRC, accession 390, box 86, Weir to Johnston, March 31, 1933.
11
. Dean,
Struggle for Rubber
, pp. 76–77; BFRC, accession 390, box 86, Johnston to Roberge, September 6, 1937.
12
. BFRC, accession 390, box 86, Johnston to Roberge, September 6, 1937.
13
. BFRC, accession 390, box 83, Johnston to Wibel, September 6, 1937.
14
. BFRC, accession 74, box 14, Johnston to Roberge, October 16, 1936.
15
. BFRC, accession 390, box 83, Johnston to Wibel, September 6, 1937; BFRC, accession 74, box 1, Johnston to Roberge, July 1, 1936.
16
. BFRC, accession 74, box 1, Johnston to Roberge, July 1, 1936.
17
. Dean,
Struggle for Rubber
, p. 78.
18
. BFRC, accession 74, box 14, Johnston to Wibel, September 6, 1937; Johnston to Roberge, September 28, 1936, and October 16, 1936.
19
. BFRC, accession 390, box 83, Johnston to Wibel, September 6, 1937.
Chapter 21: Bonfire of the Caterpillars
1
. Dean,
Struggle for Rubber
, pp. 53–62, 78.
2
. Phillips,
Brazil
, p. 54.
3
. BFRC, vertical file, Village Industries, General, 1920s, “Henry Ford Says, Farmer-Workmen Will Build Automobile of the Future,” published in
Automotive Industry
, August 28, 1924.
4
. Brian E. Cleven, “Pequaming and Alberta: Henry Ford’s Model Towns,” master’s thesis, Department of Social Sciences, Michigan Technological University, 1997, p. 131.
5
. Gastão Cruls, “Impressões de Uma Visita a Companhia Ford Industrial do Brasil,”
Revista Brasileira de Geografia
, October 1939, pp. 3–25.
6
. “Fourteen-Year Effort to Produce Plantation Rubber in Brazil Is Showing Progress,”
Washington Post
, January 31, 1943.
7
. Kelly and London,
Amazon
, p. 290; Wilson, “Mr. Ford in the Jungle.”
8
. Dempsey, “Henry Ford’s Amazonian Suburbia.”
9
. BFRC, accession 390, box 86, Johnston to Wibel, March 4, 1935.
10
. BFRC, accession 390, box 83, “Insect Census of Fordlandia,” March 29, 1935.
11
. Galey, “Industrialist in the Wilderness,” p. 275; BFRC, accession 74, box 13, “Rubber Production in Amazon Valley.”
12
. BFRC, accession 74, box 1, cited in Johnston to Roberge, April 23, 1937.
13
. Author’s interview with Charles Townsend, grandson of the entomologist and son of Charles Townsend, James Weir’s assistant, June 20, 2008.
14
. BFRC, accession 390, box 83, Johnston to Wibel, February 10, 1937.
15
. BFRC, accession 74, box 14, Johnston to Roberge, November 30, 1938; BFRC, accession 38, box 91.
16
. BFRC, accession 74, box 5, clipping; BFRC, Henry Ford Office, accession 285, box 2155, “Hun-Hunt.”
Chapter 22: Fallen Empire of Rubber
1
. Brinkley,
Wheels for the World
, p. 426.
2
. Collier and Horowitz,
The Fords
, p. 129; Nye,
Henry Ford
, p. 93.
3
. BFRC, accession 390, box 83, Johnston to Wibel, June 8, 1937.
4
. BFRC, accession 74, box 12, correspondence.
5
. BFRC, accession 390, box 83, August Report, Johnston to Sorensen; Franco,
O Tapajós
, p. 84; author’s interview with Eimar Franco, March 16, 2008.
6
. Andrew Revkin,
The Burning Season: The Murder of Chico Mendes and the Fight for the Amazon Rain Forest
, Washington, D.C.: Island Press, 2004, p. 88.
7
. BFRC, accession 74, box 12; Galey, “Industrialist in the Wilderness,” p. 282.
8
. Alexander Cockburn and Suzanna Hecht,
The Fate of the Forest: Developers, Destroyers, and Defenders of the Amazon
, London: Verso, 1989, p. 105.
9
. Brinkley,
Wheels for the World
, p. 430.
10
. Baldwin,
Henry Ford and the Jews
, p. 284.
11
. Brinkley,
Wheels for the World
, p. 433.
12
. Collier and Horowitz,
The Fords
, p. 201.
13
. H. G. Sorensen, “Crown Budding for Healthy Hevea,”
Agriculture in the Americas
, October 1942.
14
. “Ford Plantations a Chapter in Romance of Rubber,”
Christian Science Monitor
, February 5, 1942; Wilkins and Hill,
American Business Abroad
, pp. 181–82.
15
. BFRC, accession 74, box 6, “Plantation Report.”
16
. Ibid.; Wilkins and Hill,
American Business Abroad
, p. 182.
Chapter 23: Tomorrow Land
1
. Seth Garfield, “Tapping Masculinity: Labor Recruitment to the Brazilian Amazon during World War II,”
Hispanic American Historical Review
86 (2006): 275–308; Pedro Martinello,
A “Batalha da Borracha” na Segunda Guerra Mundial e suas consequências para o vale amazônico
, Rio Branco: Universidade Federal do Acre, 1988; Frank D. McCann,
The Brazilian-American Alliance, 1937–1945
, Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1974.
2
. Dean,
Struggle for Rubber
, p. 97; BFRC, accession 6, box 74, May 13, 1942; Charles H. T. Townsend, “Progress in Developing Superior Hevea Clones in Brazil,”
Economic Botany
14 (1958): 189–96.
3
. Roland Hall Sharp,
South America Uncensored: Jungles of Fascism, Genuine Good-Neighborliness, Portrait of a Continent, in Search of Frontiers
, New York: Longmans, Green, 1945, p. 270; Phillips,
Brazil
, p. 57; Karl Brandt,
Reconstruction of World Agriculture
, New York: Longmans, Green, 1945.
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