Fordlandia (60 page)

18
.
Iron Mountain News
, January 26, 1925; August 3, 1925.

19
. BFRC, Reminiscences, Ernest Liebold.

20
. BFRC, accession 38, box 64, Sorensen to Victor Perini, February 28, 1930.

21
. Author’s interview with Eimar Franco, March 16, 2008.

22
.
Folha do Norte
, December 23, 1930.

23
. BFRC, accession 74, box 7, Oxholm’s monthly progress reports to Sorensen.

24
. BFRC, “Report on Visit of W. E. Carnegie.”

25
. Grubb,
Amazon and the Andes
, p. 19.

26
. BFRC, accession 38, box 61, “Rubber Plant Visit 1929.”

Chapter 12: The Ford Way of Thinking

1
. BFRC, accession 38, box 61, “History of the Companhia Ford Industrial do Brasil since Its Inception”; BFRC, accession 74, box 13, “Companhia Ford Industrial do Brasil”; BFRC, accession 88, box 2, Mira Wilkins Research Papers, Interview with William Cowling.

2
. Machado, “Farquhar and Ford,” pp. 349–53.

3
. BFRC, accession 38, box 61, Sorensen to Oxholm, July 5, 1929; BFRC, accession 74, box 17, “Cowling to Ford, et al.,” August 20, August 23, and September 9, 1929.

4
. For Bennett’s role in Ford’s subsequent firing of Cowling, see Bennett,
We Never Called Him Henry
, New York: Gold Medal Books, 1951, p. 61.

5
. “Cowling to Ford, et al.,” August 20, August 23, and September 9, 1929.

6
. National Archives, RG 59, microfilm 0519, roll 43, 832.6176F75/55, Drew to State, October 1, 1929; Machado, “Farquhar and Ford,” p. 361.

7
. “Golden Jubilee,”
Time
, May 27, 1929; Warren Sloat,
1929: America before the Crash
, New York: Cooper Square Press, 2004 (1979).

8
. Kaj Ostenfeld, “The Family with the Red Roses,” unpublished manuscript on deposit in New York Public Library, APV (Ostenfeld) 93-2371.

9
. “With Ford on the Amazon: The Story of the Ford Plantation, an Eye-Witness,”
Planter
, January 1931, in BFRC, Vertical File, “Rubber Plantations.”

10
. Ibid.

11
. Wilkins and Mill,
American Business Abroad
, p. 171.

12
. BFRC, accession 285, box 755.

13
. BFRC, accession 6, box 74; BFRC, accession 74, box 10.

14
. “Armed Brazilians Raid Ford Rubber Plantation,”
New York Times
, December 25, 1930; “Opposition to Ford Dropped in Brazil,”
New York Times
, May 3, 1931; Isabel Vincent, “Fordlandia: The Amazon Town That Henry Ford Built,”
Globe and Mail
, March 20, 1993.

15
. “Brazil Sending Arms to Ford’s Plantation,”
New York Times
, January 3, 1929.

16
. BFRC, accession 390, box 86, Johnston to Wibel, December 31, 1932.

17
. BFRC, accession 38, box 61, Oxholm, October 17, 1929.

18
. John Galey, “Industrialist in the Wilderness: Henry Ford’s Amazon Venture,”
Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs
21 (1979): 271; author’s interview with Einar Oxholm’s son Einar, February 12, 2008.

19
. “Ford Envoy Leaves Brazil,”
New York Times
, October 4, 1929; BFRC, accession 301, box 2l, W. E. Carnegie to B. J. Craig; BFRC, accession 74, box 13, “Report on Visit to Companhia Ford Industrial do Brasil,” December 2, 1930.

20
. BFRC, interview with William Cowling.

21
. Dean,
Struggle for Rubber
, p. 73.

Chapter 13: What Would You Give for a Good Job?

1
. Nevins and Hill,
Ford
, pp. 17, 536.

2
. Ibid., pp. 14–15.

3
. BFRC, accession 65, Reminiscences, Victor J. Perini (as told by Constance Perini).

4
. BFRC, accession 65, Reminiscences, Matt Mulrooney.

5
. BFRC, accession 74, box 7, Monthly Reports, December 1930.

6
. José Maria Ferreira de Castro,
The Jungle
, trans. Charles Duff, Viking, 1935, p. 65; Nash,
Conquest of Brazil
, p. 201.

7
. BFRC, accession 74, box 7, Progress Report.

8
. BFRC, accession 74, box 1, “Tentative Scheme of South American Plantation Organization”; BFRC, accession 74, box 2, “Report on Visit of W. E Carnegie, 1929”; “Report on Visit of Messrs W. E. Carnegie and V. J. Perini, February 1931”; BFRC, accession 75, box 13, “General Plan of Operation for 1930 and 1931”; BFRC, accession 301, box 2, “Companhia Ford Industrial do Brasil”; BFRC, accession 38, box 61, “Report on the Second Visit of W. E. Carnegie, 1930”; BFRC, accession 74, box 7, monthly progress reports.

9
. BFRC, accession 75, box 13, “General Plan of Operation for 1930 and 1931.”

10
. Isabel Vincent, “Fordlandia: The Amazon Town That Henry Ford Built,”
Globe and Mail
, March 20, 1993.

11
. Henrique Veltman, “Os Hebraicos da Amazônia,” unpublished manuscript, 2005, p. 55; Baldwin, “David B. Riker”; BFRC, accession 47, box 13, “Report on Visit”; David Riker, “The Last Southern Seed,” unpublished manuscript; author’s interview with David Riker’s grandson, David Riker, July 28, 2007.

12
. Earl Parker Hanson,
Journey to Manaos
, New York: Reynal and Hitchcock, 1938, p. 73; Kaj Ostenfeld, “The Family with the Red Roses,” unpublished manuscript on deposit in New York Public Library, APV (Ostenfeld) 93–2371.

13
. Ostenfeld, “The Family with the Red Roses.”

14
. Hanson,
Journey to Manaos
, pp. 74–76.

15
. Author’s interview with Eimar Franco; Franco,
O Tapajós
, p. 79; Vera Kelsey,
Seven Keys to Brazil
, New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1940, pp 222–23.

16
. Vincent, “Fordlandia.”

17
. Author’s interview with Leanor Weeks, August 2, 2007; author’s interview with Charles Townsend, June 20, 2008.

18
. BFRC, accession 74, box 5, Johnston to US Marines, September 19, 1942.

19
. BFRC, accession 65, Reminiscences, Matt Mulrooney; Allison McCracken, “ ‘God’s Gift to Us Girls’: Crooning, Gender, and the Re-Creation of American Popular Song, 1928–1933,”
American Music
17 (1999): 365–95.

20
. BFRC, accession 74, box 18, miscellaneous reports and telegrams; BFRC, accession 74, box 16, “Gardens,” McClure to Edsel Ford, August 3, 1939; BFRC, accession 74, box 14, Roberge, May 5, 1939.

21
. William Cronon,
Nature’s Metropolis: Chicago and the Great West
, New York: Norton, 1992, p. 202.

Chapter 14: Let’s Wander Out Yonder

1
. BFRC, accession 65, Reminiscences, John R. Rogge.

2
. Elizabeth Esch, “Fordtown: Managing Race and Nation in the American Empire, 1925–1945,” PhD dissertation, New York University, 2003, p. 97; BFRC, accession 285, box 1275.

3
. BFRC, accession 65, Reminiscences, Matt Mulrooney.

4
. BFRC, accession 301, box 2, “Companhia Ford Industrial do Brasil.”

5
. BFRC, accession 65, Reminiscences, Matt Mulrooney; BFRC, Reminiscences, John R. Rogge. Also see “Ford Plant Chief to Leave Here Tomorrow for Project in Brazil,”
Iron Mountain News
, February 11, 1930, which summarizes a letter Rogge wrote home about his upriver trip.

6
. Information on John Rogge’s life and activities at Fordlandia comes from an interview with his nephew, Roger Rogge, July 17, 2007.

7
. Raffles,
In Amazonia
, p. 138.

8
. Weinstein,
The Amazon Rubber Boom
, pp. 53, 73, 126, 169, 185–87, 189, 237, 291; William Lewis Herndon and Lardner Gibben,
Exploration of the Valley of the Amazon Made under Direction of the Navy Department
, Washington, D.C.: Robert Armstrong, 1854, pp. 308, 311.

9
. Roosevelt,
Through the Brazilian Wilderness
, p. 360; Herndon and Gibben,
Exploration of the Valley of the Amazon
, p. 309.

10
. For a photograph of Baretto’s house, see Devon Record Office, Exeter, UK, Charles Luxmoore, 521 M–1/SS/9.

11
. McCracken, “ ‘God’s Gift to Us Girls,’ ” p. 379.

12
. Dydia Delyser,
Ramona Memories: Tourism and the Shaping of Southern California
, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2005; “The Right Woman in the Right Place,”
Washington Post
, March 26, 1883; Helen Hunt Jackson,
Ramona: A Story
, New York: Little, Brown, 1914, pp. 39, 46, 83.

13
. Henri Coudreau,
Voyage au Tapajoz
, Paris, 1897, pp. 38–40; Cleary, “ ‘Lost Altogether to the Civilised World’: Race and the Cabanagem in Northern Brazil, 1750–1850”: John Hemming,
Amazon Frontier: The Defeat of the Brazilian Indians
, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987, p. 236; Sears,
Forest Runes
, p. 157; Robert F. Murphy,
Headhunter’s Heritage: Social and Economic Change among the Mundurucú Indians
, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1960, p. 1; Yolanda Murphy and Robert F. Murphy,
Women of the Forest
, New York: Columbia University Press, 2004, p. 105; for a short interview with a Mundurucú leader who helped put down the Cabanagem Revolt, see Herndon and Gibben,
Exploration of the Valley of the Amazon
, p. 311.

14
. Robert F. Murphy,
Mundurucú Religion
, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1958, p. 8.

15
. S. Brian Burkhalter and Robert F. Murphy, “Tappers and Sappers: Rubber, Gold, and Money among the Mundurucú,”
American Ethnologist
16 (1989): 105, 114; Murphy,
Mundurucú Religion
, p. 10.

16
. “Ford Tire Plants Planned in Brazil,”
New York Times
, November 16, 1928.

Chapter 15: Kill All the Americans

1
. A. Ogden Pierrot, “A Visit to Fordlandia,”
Rubber Age
, April 10, 1932.

2
. Esch, “Fordtown,” p. 115; BFRC, accession 74, box 2; author’s interview with Eimar Franco, March 16, 2008.

3
. For Riker’s opinion, as interpreted by the traveler Henry Albert Phillips, see
Brazil: Bulwark of Inter-American Relations
, pp. 68–69; see also Baldwin, “David B. Riker and
Hevea brasiliensis
,” pp. 383–84.

4
. Author’s interview with Leanor Weeks; Phillips,
Brazil
, p. 63; BFRC, accession 65, Reminiscences, Matt Mulrooney.

5
. BFRC, accession 74, box 2, “Report on Visit of W. E. Carnegie.”

6
. Henry Ford,
Today and Tomorrow
, New York: Doubleday, p. 101; Mark Seltzer,
Bodies and Machines
, New York: Routledge, 1992, p. 157; Esch, “Fordtown,” p. 48; Collier and Horowitz,
The Fords
, p. 11.