Flapper (45 page)

⁴
“summer of despair”:
Fitzgerald,
The Crackup
, 77.

⁵
“mighty glad you’re coming”:
ZSF to FSF, undated [October 1919], in Jackson R. Bryer and Cathy W. Barks, eds.,
Dear Scott, Dearest Zelda: The Love Letters of F. Scott and Zelda Fitzgerald
(New York: St. Martin’s Griffin, 2002), 32–33.

⁶
“so be-au-ti-ful”:
ZSF to FSF, undated [February 1920] in Bryer and Barks, eds.,
Dear Scott, Dearest Zelda
, 43–44.

⁷
“wild, pleasure loving girl”:
FSF to Isabelle Amorous, February 26, 1920, in Matthew J. Bruccoli and Margaret M. Duggan, eds.,
Correspondence of
F. Scott Fitzgerald
(New York: Random House, 1980), 53.

⁸
“Called on Scott Fitz”:
Nancy Milford,
Zelda: A Biography
(New York: Harper & Row, 1970), 67.

⁹
“not above reproach”:
FSF to Isabelle Amorous, February 26, 1920, in
Correspondence of F. Scott Fitzgerald
, 53.

¹⁰
“He’s going to leave”:
Nathan Miller,
New World Coming: The 1920s and the Making of Modern America
(New York: Scribner, 2003), 211.

¹¹
“they were the twenties”:
Mayfield,
Exiles
, 84.

¹²
Between 1921 and 1924:
Miller,
New World Coming
, 149–50. Between 1921 and 1924, America’s gross national product rose from $69 billion to $93 billion; aggregate wages rose from roughly $36.4 billion to $51.5 billion.

¹³
Philadelphia banking family:
Irving Bernstein,
The Lean Years: A History of the American Worker, 1920–1933
, rev. ed. 1966 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1960), 47.

¹⁴
Lynds visited Muncie:
Bernstein,
The Lean Years
, 54–59.

¹⁵
Brookings Institution:
Bernstein,
The Lean Years
, 63.

¹⁶
“spent your summer canning”:
Robert S. Lynd and Helen Merrell Lynd,
Middletown: A Study in Modern American Culture
(New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1929), 156–57.

¹⁷
smaller portion of their wages:
Andrew Heinze,
Adapting to Abundance: Jewish Immigrants, Mass Consumption and the Search for American Identity
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1990), 23; Daniel Horowitz,
The Morality of Spending: Attitudes Toward Consumer Society in America, 1875–1940
(Chicago: I. R. Dee, 1992), Appendix A.

¹⁸
money left over for nonessentials:
Lizabeth Cohen,
Making a New Deal: Industrial Workers in Chicago, 1919–1939
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 103–04; Horowitz,
The Morality of Spending
, chap. 7–8, Appendix A.

¹⁹
fifty million tickets:
Cohen,
Making a New Deal
, 125.

²⁰
tempted by credit:
Miller,
New World Coming
, 152.

²¹
mah-jongg … flagpole sitting:
Miller,
New World Coming
, 127–29.

²²
cult of self-examination:
William E. Leuchtenberg,
The Perils of Prosperity: 1914–1932
, rev. ed. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1958), 164–68.

²³
Emile Coué:
Lynn Dumenil,
Modern Temper: American Culture and Society in the 1920s
(New York: Hill and Wang, 1995), 87–88.

²⁴
Lawton Campbell strolled:
Milford,
Zelda
, 68.

²⁵
“not doing it for effect”:
Mayfield,
Exiles
, 59–60.

²⁶
basked in publicity:
Mayfield,
Exiles
, 65.

²⁷
“The remarkable thing”:
Bruccoli,
Some Sort of Epic Grandeur
, 156–59.

²⁸
Dorothy Parker:
Milford,
Zelda
, 67.

²⁹
Scott’s old eating club:
Bruccoli,
Some Sort of Epic Grandeur
, 166–67.

³⁰
“Mama and Daddy”:
Mayfield,
Exiles from Paradise
, 58.

³¹
“Within a few months”:
Milford,
Zelda
, 67.

C
HAPTER
6: I P
REFER
T
HIS
S
ORT OF
G
IRL

¹
average number of profiles:
Leo Lowenthal, “The Triumph of Mass Idols,” in
Literature, Popular Culture and Society
(Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1961), 111.

²
“To write it, three months”:
Heywood Broun, “Books,”
New-York Tribune
, May 7, 1920, 14, FSF MS, Scrapbook II.

³
“prefer this sort of girl”:
Smith, “Fitzgerald, Flappers and Fame,” 39, 75, reprinted in Matthew J. Bruccoli and Judith S. Baughman, eds.,
Conversations with F. Scott Fitzgerald
(Jackson, Miss.: University Press of Mississippi, 2004), 6.

⁴
“I love Scott’s books”:
“What a ‘Flapper Novelist’ Thinks of His Wife,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, September 30, 1923, 112, reprinted in Bruccoli and Baughman, eds.,
Conversations
, 47.

⁵
syndicated review of the book:
“Mrs. F. Scott Fitzgerald Reviews ‘The Beautiful and Damned,’ Friend Husband’s Latest,”
New-York Tribune
, April 2, 1922.

⁶
“I’m deadly curious”:
FSF to Maxwell Perkins, undated [ca. January 10, 1920], in Andrew Turnbull, ed.,
The Letters of F. Scott Fitzgerald
(New York: Scribner, 1963), 141–42.

⁷
“The girl is excellent”:
FSF to Maxwell Perkins, ca. January 31, 1922, in Turnbull, ed.,
Letters
, 152–53; Andrew Turnball,
Scott Fitzgerald: A Biography
(New York: Scribner, 1962), 130.

⁸
“She is quite unprincipled”:
F. Scott Fitzgerald,
This Side of Paradise
(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1920), 170–71, 175, 181.

⁹
“the flapper has grown up”:
“Fitzgerald’s Flapper Grows Up,”
Columbus Dispatch
, undated clip [ca. 1922], FSF MS, Scrapbook III.

¹⁰
“started the flapper movement”:
“Family of Noted Author,”
Washington Herald
, undated clip [ca. 1922]; advertisement, Heart’s International, May 1923, both in FSF MS, Scrapbook III.

¹¹
Midnight Flappers: Matthew J. Bruccoli,
Some Sort of Epic Grandeur: The Life of F. Scott Fitzgerald
, rev. ed. 1993 (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1981), 187.

¹²
“Eulogy on the Flapper”:
Zelda Sayre Fitzgerald, “Eulogy on the Flapper,”
Metropolitan Magazine
, June 1922, in Matthew J. Bruccoli and Mary Gordon, eds.,
Zelda Fitzgerald: The Collected Writings
(New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1991), 39.

¹³
the good life:
Warren I. Susman,
Culture as History: The Transformation of American Society in the Twentieth Century
(New York: Pantheon Books, 1984), xx–xxvi; 271–77.

¹⁴
nature of work had changed:
Steven J. Diner,
A Very Different Age: Americans of the Progressive Era
(New York: Hill and Wang, 1998), 50–59.

¹⁵
adman coolly explained:
Roland Marchand,
Advertising the American Dream: Making Way for Modernity, 1920–1940
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985), 24.

¹⁶
“Sell them their dreams”:
William Leach,
Land of Desire: Merchants, Power and the Rise of a New American Culture
(New York: Pantheon Books, 1993), 298.

¹⁷
“Road of Happiness”: Lynn Dumenil,
Modern Temper: American Culture and Society in the 1920s
(New York: Hill and Wang, 1995), 89–90.

¹⁸
“same old story”:
Dumenil,
Modern Temper
, 89–90.

¹⁹
“Why should all life”:
Nancy Milford,
Zelda: A Biography
(New York: Harper & Row, 1970), 27.

²⁰
Margaret Sanger:
David M. Kennedy,
Birth Control in America: The Career of Margaret Sanger
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970), 131.

²¹
erstwhile socialist organizer:
Kennedy,
Birth Control in America
, 10–11.

²²
“birth strike”:
Ellen Chesler,
Woman of Valor: Margaret Sanger and the Birth Control Movement in America
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 1992), 86–88.

²³
“for the enemy—Capitalism”:
Kennedy,
Birth Control in America
, 110.

²⁴
“love demands”:
Chesler,
Woman of Valor
, 196–97.

²⁵
“liberation and human development”:
Chesler,
Woman of Valor
, 209.

²⁶
“flirted because it was
fun”: Zelda Sayre Fitzgerald, “Eulogy on the Flapper.”

²⁷
young woman in Columbus:
Paula S. Fass,
The Damned and the Beautiful: American Youth in the 1920s
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), 307.

²⁸
“little town of Somerset”: New York Times
, August 25, 1923, 7.

²⁹
“Personal liberty”:
Fass,
The Damned and the Beautiful
, 76.

³⁰
Chicago Tribune
’s remark:
Nancy F. Cott,
The Grounding of Modern Feminism
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1970), 172.

³¹
“personal liberties and individual rights”: Fass,
The Damned and the Beautiful
, 37. Italics added for emphasis.

C
HAPTER
7: S
TRAIGHTEN
O
UT
P
EOPLE

¹
Founded in 1866:
Eric Foner,
Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution
(New York: Harper & Row, 1988), chap. 9.