Fear Itself (121 page)

Tokyo, 350–51

toleration, 108

totalitarianism, 8, 39

total war, 45

Towner, Horace, 147

Townsend, John, Jr., 540

Toynbee, Arnold, 116

trade, 38, 162

Trading with the Enemy Act (1917), 123

transportation, 88

Travels in Two Democracies
(Wilson), 56

Trinity, 403–4

Tripartite Pact, 320

Triumph of the Will
(film), 73

Trotsky, Leon, 80, 516

Truax, Charles, 257

Trubowitz, Peter, 639

True, James, 330

Truman, David, 401, 475, 478

Truman, Harry S., 9, 19, 47, 48, 76, 95, 123, 204, 211, 271, 303, 334, 349, 405, 423, 437, 555, 637

and aid to Greece and Turkey, 417, 424

appropriations bill vetoed by, 624

Atomic Energy Commission created by, 428–29, 430

hydrogen bomb approved by, 446–47

intelligence-gathering fears of, 439

Japan’s defeat announced by, 406

Loyalty Review Board created by, 459–61

military buildup document requested by, 451–52

money for scientific research requested by, 456

in 1944 election, 217

at Potsdam Conference, 403

railroads seized by, 391

Southern votes needed by, 22

substitute bill vetoed by, 464–65

Taft-Hartley vetoed by, 393

tensions with Moscow, 361, 362

“21 Points” policy of, 380

UN hopes of, 408

USES bill supported by, 384

Wagner Act amendments desired by, 394

Truman administration, 12, 18, 426–27

Truman Doctrine, 417–18, 424, 637

tuberculosis, 171

Tugwell, Rexford, 229, 232, 235, 236, 242, 246

Tunnell, James, 220

Turkey, 104, 277, 362, 417, 424

Turner, Roscoe, 61

Tydings, Millard, 161, 215, 254, 259, 378, 423, 426, 431, 443, 451, 466, 645

Ukraine, 41, 55, 82

Ulysses
(Joyce), 55

UN Atomic Energy Commission, 420

uncertainty, 33–34, 48, 51, 232, 298

Underwood, Oscar, 145, 147, 148, 541

unemployment insurance, 252, 386–87, 625

Unemployment Relief Act (1933), 123

Unemployment Service, U.S., 344

unions, 23, 25, 30, 43, 49, 144–45, 162, 172–85, 207, 257–59, 326, 386–400, 402

African Americans and, 174–75, 392–93, 395–96, 550, 553

House investigation of, 330

in South, 183, 371, 389–90, 549

in Soviet Union, 51

Taft-Hartley’s constraint on, 372

United Cafeteria and Restaurant Workers, 89

United Fruit, 273, 398

United Garment workers, 174

United Mine Workers, 174, 230, 627

United Nations, 42, 81, 358, 359, 407–9, 415, 417, 419, 434, 617

United Nations Atomic Energy Commission, 636–37

United Nations Conference on International Organization, 595

United Nations Convention, 102

United Rubber Workers (URW), 173

United States:

calls for dictatorship in, 118–20

émigré intellectuals in, 48–51

Fascist Italy as model for, 93–94, 95

freedom in, 353–54

Germany and Italy’s declaration of war against, 281, 320

as global leader, 362

in NATO, 418

popular opinion on World War II in, 277–78

postwar defense spending in, 406

science and technology mobilized in, 346–50

size of military of, 13–14, 19–20, 52, 103, 416–17, 452–53, 493

as threatened by Japan, 315

wartime economy of, 342–46

World War II as unifier of, 317–18, 323–24

World War II casualties of, 41–42

World War II spending by, 345–46

see also
South, U.S.

United States Steel Corporation, 273, 307

United Textile Workers of America, 174

uranium, 431

urban poverty, 127

Urey, Harold, 414, 430

USO, 220

Uzbekistan, 357

V-2s, 484

Vandenberg, Hoyt, 447

Vanderberg, Arthur, 422, 431

Vanzetti, Bartolomeo, 55, 60

Vardaman, James K., 84

Varieties of Religious Experience, The
(James), 120

Venice, Italy, 4, 7, 49

Venice Film Festival, 93

Verdun, Battle of, 101

Versailles, Treaty of (1919), 64, 145, 297

veterans pay, 266

Victory of Faith, The
(film), 73

Viereck, George, 285

Vietnam, 417, 418

Viglione, Raffaello, 93

Vincent, Beverly, 597

Vinson, Carl, 324, 423, 427, 443, 444, 449, 450, 466

Vinson, Fred, 238, 239, 305

Virginia, 136, 199, 204, 253, 304, 394

Virginia Quarterly,
143

Völkischer Beobachter,
283

von Braun, Wernher, 484

Voorhis, Jerry, 143, 295

Vorys, John Martin, 301, 564

voting rights:

of absentee soldiers, 86, 196–222, 556, 559–61, 566–69

African-American, 88, 89, 90, 134, 140, 145, 148–49, 185, 212, 285, 554

Voting Rights Act (1965), 655

Vyshinsky, Andrei, 81, 82–83, 408, 517–18

Wagner, Robert, 160, 166, 167, 168, 179, 241, 248, 259, 387, 395

Wagner Act,
see
National Labor Relations Act

Wagner-Peyser Act (1933), 382, 384

Wagner–Van Nuys bill, 86–87

Wallace, George, 23, 446

Wallace, Henry, 380, 425, 641

Wall Street Journal,
228, 244, 304, 414, 473

Walsh, David, 14, 238, 272

War Ballot Commission, 203

War Department, U.S., 184, 196, 213, 214, 219, 311, 314, 316, 324, 341, 407, 409, 429, 434–35, 436, 437, 438, 454, 457

War Industries Board, 343–44

War Labor Board, 390

War Labor Disputes Act (WLDA; Smith-Connally Act) (1943), 389–90, 627

War Mobilization and Reconversion Act (1944), 387

Warner, Lloyd, 141

War Powers Acts, 337, 338–39, 342–43, 383

War Productions Board (WPB), 343, 344, 438

war profiteering, 216

War Relocation Authority (WRA), 340

Warren, Charles, 590

Warren, Earl, 339

War Resources Board, 323, 595

Warsaw, 351

Warsaw Ghetto, 313

War Shipping Administration, 202

Wartime Manpower Commission, 188

Washington, George, 470–71, 476

Washington (state), 339

Washington Council of the National Negro Congress, 89

Washington Naval Conference, 102

Washington Naval Treaty, 103

Washington Post,
87, 179, 211, 286, 302, 303, 306, 340, 469

Water Power Act (1920), 147

Watson, Henry, 236

Webb, Beatrice and Sidney, 55

Weber, Max, 100, 114

Webster Progress,
285

Wechsler, Herbert, 200, 205, 559–60

Wehrmacht, 361

Weill, Kurt, 62

Weimar Constitution, 98, 110, 113

Weimar Republic, 39, 46, 104, 110, 113

welfare state, 36, 162

Welles, Summer, 361

Wells, H. G., 488

Western Union, 273, 398

Westinghouse Electric, 348

Westinghouse Research Laboratory, 415

West Virginia, 136, 165, 211

What Maisie Knew
(James), 22

What the Negro Wants?,
138

Whelchel, Benjamin, 292

When Affirmative Action Was White
(Katznelson), 24

Whitaker, John, 511

White, E. B., ix

White, Edward Douglass, 335

White, Walter, 160, 167, 210, 429, 545

White Sea Canal, 39, 80

Whither Solid South?
(Collins), 139

Whitten, Jamie, 85

Whittington, William, 85, 143, 269, 380

Wierton, 398

Wiesbaden, Germany, 111

Wiley, Alexander, 315

Williams, Aubrey, 176

Williams, John Bell, 428

Willkie, Wendell, 311, 559, 604

Wilson, Edmund, 56

Wilson, George Howard, 456

Wilson, James Mark, 267

Wilson, Joseph, 422

Wilson, Woodrow, 44, 67, 104, 105, 145–46, 149, 158, 165, 288, 289, 290, 325, 337, 471

Winner, Henry, 638

Winthrop, John, 17

Wolfers, Arnold, 600

Woman’s Auxiliary Corps, 601

Women’s Airforce Service Pilots,
220

Women’s Auxiliary Ferrying Squadron, 220

Wood, John, 395, 443, 464

Wood, Robert E., 595

Woodrum, Clifton, 437

Woodward, C. Vann, 127

Woolworth, 88

working class, 22, 23

Works Progress Administration, 217

Works Project Administration, 330

World,
531

World Court, 290

World Disarmament Conference,
102

World Economic Conference, 38

World War I, 31–32, 41, 42, 43, 45, 100–101, 102, 110, 122, 147, 289, 297, 298, 305, 310, 311, 323, 325, 335, 347, 382, 539

World War II, 7, 8, 31, 92, 416, 421, 423, 461

bombing campaigns in, 350–51

as “crusade,” 367

and dangers to racial order of South, 16

effects of, 42–43

end of, 403–6

FDR on meaning of, 320–21

liberal democracy threatened by, 46

as “liberating war,” 186

science and technology mobilized for, 346–50

and separation of powers, 353

Southern economy built up by, 182–85

U.S. opinion on, 277–78

U.S. spending on, 345–46

U.S. united by, 317–18, 323–24

Worley, Eugene, 199, 204

Wright, R. Charlton, 143–44

Wright, Richard, 14

Wunderlich, Frieda, 503

xenophobia, 42

Yalta Conference, 78, 357–61, 362, 406, 411, 412, 485–86

Yankee Leviathan,
134

Youngstown Sheet and Tube, 173

Yugoslavia, 105, 277, 314, 362

Zetkin, Clara, 60

Zinoviev, Grigori, 80, 81–82, 95, 516

Zweig, Stefan, 5–6, 51, 103

COPYRIGHT

Copyright © 2013 by Ira Katznelson

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First Edition

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Katznelson, Ira.

Fear itself : the New Deal and the origins of our time / Ira Katznelson. — First Edition.

     pages cm

Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-0-87140-450-3 (hardcover)

ISBN 978-0-87140-660-6 (e-book)

1. New Deal, 1933–1939. 2. United States—Politics and government—1933–1945.
3. World politics, 1933–1945. 4. Political culture—United States—History—
20th century. I. Title.

E806.K37 2013

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Desolation and Enlightenment: Political

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