Escape From Davao (72 page)

DSC awarded to, 350

escapees and, 253–60, 264–65, 286–87

and Lanao airfield project, 289

megalomania of, 255–56

postwar career of, 350

as self-promoted general, 254–55

Filipino civilians:

Bataan Death March and, 66, 67

at Davao, 123, 128

Japanese atrocities and violence against, 102–3, 107, 218

Manila POW march and, 90

Filipino convicts (colonos), 123, 128, 149, 162, 165, 191

Filipino POWs, 64, 79

Japanese atrocities against, 67, 98

First Amendment, 301, 333

Florida, Davao Province,
184,
230

Ford, Nevil, 325

Formosa, 8, 16, 249, 349

Formosans, as camp guards, 101–2, 110, 128–30

Fort McKinley, Luzon, 23, 88

Fortune,
331

Fort Worth Star-Telegram,
3, 329, 331–32

Fort Wright hospital, 292–93

Freeman,
240

Funston, Herby, 322

General Fertig,
265, 270–72

Geneva Convention:

Article 51 of, 105

Japan’s failure to ratify, 68, 197

POW labor prohibited by, 123–24

George, Harold H. “Pursuit,” 7–8, 12, 15, 38–39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 53, 54, 258

Germany, Nazi, 30, 32, 310, 335

Gilbert, Roy, 106–8

Gilbert Islands, U.S. invasion of, 328

Gingoog,
184,
242, 243

Glattly, Harold W., 373
n

Glendale, Calif., 302

Gonzaga University, 18, 339

Gowman, Howard C., 303–4

Grafton, Samuel, 331

Grand Central Air Terminal, Glendale, 302

Grande Island, 40

Grant, Ulysses S., 56

Grashio, Sam, 14, 15–16, 17, 43, 50, 53, 54, 197, 263–64, 301, 318, 348

background of, 17–18

on Bataan Death March, 63, 64, 65–66, 67, 70, 71–72

at Cabanatuan, 96–98, 102, 107, 109, 110, 202

at Camp O’Donnel , 81, 82

at Davao, 119, 122, 125–26, 144, 152–53, 156, 158–61, 163–66, 171–76, 179–80, 196

and Dyess’s death, 305–6

on
Erie Maru,
111

in escape planning, 152–53, 156, 158–59, 161, 163–64, 166, 171–76, 179–80, 390
n
flying as love of, 18

in Fort Wright hospital, 292–93

gag order on, 292–93

interviews and radio broadcasts of, 326

and Japanese strike on Clark Field, 18–20

postwar career of, 339

and POW families, 338–39

religious faith of, 98, 206–7

as War Bond drive spokesman, 337–39

Grashio, Sam, in escape from Davao:

Davao swamp to Kapungagan, 198–99, 201–2, 204–7, 208, 212, 220, 225, 228

and division of group at Medina, 260

evacuated by USS
Bowfin,
288–90

first day, 185, 190, 193–94

Kapungagan to Medina, 230–32, 234

Great Britain:

atrocity stories and, 314, 316

as committed to Pacific war, 328

Europe First strategy of, 32, 284

and Japanese Pacific offensive, 16, 30

Great Depression, 9, 18, 32, 137

Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, 67, 111, 122–23

Greenman, Robert L., 44

Grew, Joseph C., 320

Gripsholm,
280, 283, 284, 287, 300, 312, 324

Grogan, Stanley, 314–16, 327

Groves, Leslie, 331

Grumman J2F Duck, 49, 50, 51–52, 57

Guadalcanal, Battle of, 101, 193, 333

Guadalupe, 235

Guam, 16, 30

guerril as, Filipino-American, 209, 234–35, 269–70, 272

106th Division, 249, 253

110th Division, 236, 239–40, 242, 260, 349

110th Regiment, 242

113th Regiment, 242

114th Regiment, 242, 247, 297

115th Regiment, 265, 269

130th Regiment, 218, 226–27, 229–30, 232–34

civilian aid to, 241

command structure of, 242

differing priorities of GHQ (Australia) and, 241–42, 345

diverse makeup of, 240–41

in Lungaog, 212–18

shortages of matériel and trained officers for, 240, 242

Gupitan,
184,
232

Haggerty, Edward, 249, 251, 264, 276, 334

hakko ichiu,
8

Hamilton Field, San Francisco, 8, 13, 292, 339

Harris, Bil , 88

Hart, Thomas, 21

Hartmann, George, 310

Hawaii, feared invasion of, 30, 35

Hawkins, Andrew Jackson, 47

Hawkins, Jack, 89–90, 337

background of, 47–48

Bay of Pigs and, 348

at Cabanatuan, 93–101, 103–9, 110

on Corregidor, 46, 48–49, 74–75, 86, 87–88

at Davao, 124–29, 141–42, 152–56, 158, 162–63, 166–67, 168–71, 174–78, 180–81

DSC awarded to, 299–300

on
Erie Maru,
112–15

in escape planning, 114–15, 142, 152–53, 158, 162–63, 166–67, 174–78, 180–81

film treatment written by, 340–41, 374
n

in Korean War, 348

in march to Davao, 116–18

at Okinawa, 347

postwar career of, 348

in San Francisco, 299–300

Hawkins, Jack, in escape from Davao:

Davao swamp to Kapungagan, 199–200, 202–3, 205, 207, 210–11, 214, 218

and division of group at Medina, 259–60

evacuated by USS
Narwhal,
296–99

first day, 185–86, 188–94

Kapungagan to Medina, 230–32

Hawkins, John, 47

Hawkins, Rhea, 340

Healy, George, 314, 316

hel ships (POW transports), 111–12, 349

inadvertent Al ied attacks on, xiii, 111, 187, 322, 343–44, 352, 353

hemp industry, 122

Hermosa,
60

Hersey, John, 37

Hewlett, Frank, 37, 44–45

Hil , Lister, 321

Hirohito, Emperor of Japan, 68, 69, 321, 351

Hiroshima, atomic bomb dropped on, 331

Hoku Maru,
89

Homma, Masaharu, 23, 35, 55, 56, 67

Bataan Death March and, 68–69

trial and execution of, 352–53

Hong Kong, 16, 30, 149, 322

hookworm, 36

Hopkins, Harry, 321

Hornet,
USS, 250

House of Commons, British, 322

House of Representatives, U.S.:

Foreign Affairs Committee of, 321

Military Affairs Committee of, 321

see also
Congress, U.S.

Howard, Samuel L., 49

Hoyt, Edwin Palmer “Ep,” 310, 311, 314, 324, 332, 333

Hozumi, Yoshimasa, 102–3, 110, 116, 117, 129, 130, 141, 153, 159, 162, 175–76, 177, 178, 196, 198, 221, 352

Hul , Cordel , 313, 320

Humber, Charles “Pol y,” 170

Iba Field, Luzon, 12, 20

Igat Bay, 265, 270

Igat Island, 270

Iligan,
184

Iloilo,
6,
57, 113

Imperial General Headquarters, Japanese, 12, 55

Imperial Japanese Army, 113, 240, 344

corporal punishment tolerated in, 69

14th Army, 23, 55, 69

invasion of northern Mindanao by, 257, 260–62, 264, 266–68, 297

Imperial Japanese Navy, 30, 66, 113, 150, 272

Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service, 8

11th Air Fleet, 16–17

Inchon, 348

Ind, Al ison, 38, 39, 40, 43, 44, 258, 260, 274

India, 328, 334

Indianapolis, Ind., 23, 325

Indianapolis Times,
346

influenza epidemic of 1918, 85

International Military Tribunal for the Far East (IMTFE), 351–53

Intramuros, 10, 92

Italy, 32, 324

Iwahig Penal Colony, 123

Iwanaka, Yasuaki, 101

Iwanaka Educational Unit, 101, 110

J2F Duck, 49, 50, 51–52

Japan:

army of,
see
Imperial Japanese Army

expansionism of, 8

military might of, 10

navy of,
see
Imperial Japanese Navy

Pacific offensive of, 16, 30

racial hatred in, 69

secret police of, 91, 92

seen as lesser threat to Al ies than Germany, 32

ultranationalism in, 68, 69

unconditional surrender demanded of, 329

U.S. prewar relations with, 8

U.S. underestimation of, 14–15

“victory disease” in, 69–70

Japanese Americans, internment of, 31, 322

Japan Times & Advertiser,
70

jaundice, 97

Jimenez, 253, 256, 261–62, 264

Jimmu Tenno, Emperor of Japan, 8

Johnson, Agusan Province,
184,
234

John Tarleton Agricultural Col ege, 13, 276

Joint Chiefs of Staff, 3

and suppression of atrocity stories, 280, 309–10, 313–15, 400
n
Jumarong, Victorio:

in escape planning, 164, 166–67, 176, 390
n

in guerril a army, 247, 350

Quezon’s pardon of, 287, 343

Jumarong, Victorio, in escape from Davao:

Davao swamp to Kapungagan, 198–99, 203–4, 208–9, 211–12

first day, 191–92, 194

Jurika, Blanche, 250

Jurika, Steve, 250

Jurika, Thomas, 250

Kangleon, Ruperto, 260

Kapalong,
184,
232

Kapungagan,
184,
218, 219–21, 224–28, 343

Kel ey, Welbourn, 315, 323

Kel y, Colin P., Jr., 31

Kel y Field, San Antonio, 13, 18

Kempeitai, 91, 92

Kennedy, John F., 348

Kerr, E. Bartlett, 335

KGEI, 31, 101

Kibosh
(P-40), 39, 40–43, 44, 51–52

Kinamayan, 215, 216, 240

Kindley Field, Corregidor, 25, 137

King, Edward Postel , Jr., 55–56, 328

Knox, Frank, 366
n

Kolger, Lou, 372
n

Korea, Japanese annexation of, 8

Korean War, 341, 348

Kozar, Andy, 369
n

Kreickenbeek, Mr., 236

Kublai Khan, 15

Kwajalein, 330

KZRH, 37

La Guardia, Fiorel o, 321

Lamao, 56,
60

Lamon Bay, 23

Lanakai,
87

Lanao Province, 239, 289, 348

Landis, Gerald W., 321

Lapuyan, 270

Lasang, 116, 136, 343

Lasang Lumber Company, 116, 127

Las Nieves, 235

Latta, Frank, 298, 299

Lattimore, Owen, 310, 316, 400
n

Laureta, Claro G., 218, 219, 225–28, 229–30, 232–33, 238–39, 243, 343, 350

Lawton, Manny, 196, 197

Leahy, Wil iam, 280, 309, 313, 315

Leavel e, Charles, 279, 288, 300

Lee, Clark, 25

Lee, Henry G., xiii, 35

Lee, Robert E., 55–56

leeches, 167, 193, 194

Lend-Lease, 321

Lethbridge Mission, 328

Leyte, 260, 349

Libuganon River, 229, 233, 235

Libunganan, 269

Life,
31, 282, 316, 323, 334, 341, 346

Limay,
60,
67

Lindbergh, Charles, 13

Lingayen Gulf, 23, 31

Linugos, 237

Lisbon Maru,
322

Little Baguio, 56,
60,
62, 64

Lockhart, Jack, 309, 314

Loreto,
184,
234

Lovett, Leland P., 286

Lubao,
60,
72

Lucky Bag,
24

Luna,
184,
219

Lungaog,
184,
211–18, 219

trail to, 160, 164, 166, 191–92

Luzon,
6,
10,
60,
349

Japanese air raids on, 16–17

Japanese landings on, 23

Japanese reconnaissance of, 12

USAFFE retreat in, 27–28, 34, 367
n

Luzon Force, 55

Luzon Stevedoring Company, 91

Macajalar Bay, 248

MacArthur, Albert C., 309

MacArthur, Douglas, 3, 16, 21, 23, 26, 35, 51, 90, 367
n

appointed USAFFE commander, 8–9

MacArthur, Douglas (
cont.
)

defensive plans of, 10–12, 28–29

egotism of, 10, 276

escapees’ meetings with, 275–76, 284, 299–300

in evacuation to Australia, 53–54, 84, 241

idolization of, 31

“I shal return” promise of, 54, 67, 154, 284

no-surrender orders issued by, 55

reinforcements promised to, 31–32, 33, 34, 37, 38, 321, 327–28, 371
n
in return to Corregidor, 346–47

as Southwest Pacific Area commander, 148, 250, 253, 258, 259, 273–76, 287, 333

suppression of atrocity stories opposed by, 284–85

war crimes trials convened by, 351–53

War Plan Orange and, 10, 22–23

McCarthy, Frank, 297

McCarthy, Joe, 270

McClish, Edward Ernest, 226–27, 236, 237–43, 245, 246–47, 251–52, 260, 296, 298, 350

McCormick, Robert, 285–86

McCown, Johnny, 17, 19

McCoy, Betty Anne, 22, 24

McCoy, Melvyn, 22–23, 116, 325, 335

atrocities recounted by, 315–16, 323

background of, 23–24

book deal of, 341

at Cabanatuan, 95, 100, 106, 109

at Davao, 129, 132–35, 139–40, 143, 146–51, 153, 159, 161–66, 170–72, 174, 176–79

debriefings of, 274, 277, 286

DSC awarded to, 275

on
Erie Maru,
115

in escape planning, 133–35, 139–40, 146–51, 153, 156–57, 159, 161–64, 166, 170–72, 174, 176–79

and fal of Corregidor, 87, 88, 89

Fourth War Loan Drive and, 326

gag order on, 286–87

in MacArthur’s return to Corregidor, 346–47

at Okinawa, 347

postwar career of, 347

McCoy, Melvyn, in escape from Davao, 246

in Australia, 273–75, 284

Davao swamp to Kapungagan, 199, 201–3, 205, 208–14, 217–21, 224–25, 227

first day, 185–94

Kapungagan to Medina, 229–30, 232–37, 242–45

Medina to Dumanquilas Bay, 246–61, 264–66, 268–69, 271–72

McCracken, Alan, 222, 224

McCune, Kans., 137

McGhee, John H., 197

McNamara, Robert, 348

McPhee, John H., 180–81

Mactan rice fields, 126–27, 132–33, 146, 178

Maeda, Kazuo, 119, 127, 129, 130, 140, 141, 145, 159, 181, 187, 196, 198, 221–24, 225, 339, 352

Makati, 16

Malabang, 239, 245

malaria, 78, 93, 96, 131–32, 138, 144, 164, 225, 245, 258, 292–93