Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America 1492-1830 (112 page)

120. Ibid., p. 52; Steven Watts, The Republic Reborn. War and the Making of Liberal America, 1790-1820( Baltimore and London, 1987), pp. 283-9.

121. Appleby, Inheriting the Revolution, p. 28.

122. Ibid., pp. 69-71.

123. See Wyatt Brown, Southern Honor; also Appleby, Inheriting the Revolution, ch. 8.

1. Dennis D. Moore (ed.), More Letters from the American Farmer. An Edition of the Essays in English Left Unpublished by Crevecoeur (Athens, GA and London, 1995), pp. 82-9. I have modernized the punctuation and spelling.

2. For a set of valuable discussions of the colonial legacy of Iberian America, see the essays in Jeremy Adelman (ed.), Colonial Legacies. The Problem of Persistence in Latin American History (New York and London, 1999).

3. The Black Legend was first systematically examined by Julian Juderias in La Leyenda Negra (Madrid, 1914, and frequently reprinted), and has been the subject of numerous subsequent studies, among them Sverker Arnoldsson, La Leyend Negra. Estudios sobre sus origenes (Goteborg, 1960); William S. Maltby, The Black Legend in England. The Development of Anti-Spanish Sentiment, 1558-1660 (Durham, NC, 1971); Ricardo Garcia Carcel, La Leyenda Negra. Historia y opinion (Madrid, 1992); J. N. Hillgarth, The Mirror of Spain, 1500-1700. The Formation of a Myth (Ann Arbor, MI, 2000). Charles Gibson, The Black Legend. Anti-Spanish Attitudes in the Old World and the New (New York, 1971), is an anthology of relevant contemporary and later extracts.

4. See Adelman (ed.), Colonial Legacies, p. 5.

5. Thomas Pownall, A Translation of the Memorial of the Sovereigns of Europe Upon the Present State of Affairs Between the Old and New World (London, 1781), p. 11. For the evolution of Pownall's ideas, see Shy, A People Numerous, ch. 3.

6. Smith, Wealth of Nations, 2, p. 486 (book S, ch. 3).

7. See Stanley L. Engerman, `British Imperialism in a Mercantilist Age, 1492-1849: Conceptual Issues and Empirical Problems', Revista de Historia Economica, 16 (1998), pp. 195-231, and especially pp. 218-19. This special issue of the journal, containing papers delivered at the Twelfth International Economic History Congress, and edited by Patrick K. O'Brien and Leandro Prados de la Escosura under the title of The Costs and Benefits of European Imperialism from the Conquest of Ceuta, 1415, to the Treaty of Lusaka, 1974, acknowledges and illustrates the many problems involved in attempts at drawing up a cost-benefit analysis of empire, but provides a valuable comparative survey using case studies based on the current state of knowledge.

8. See John TePaske, `The Fiscal Structure of Upper Peru and the Financing of Empire', in Karen Spalding (ed.), Essays in the Political, Economic and Social History of Colonial Latin America (Newark, DE, 1982), pp. 69-94.

9. See Bartolome Yun-Casalilla, `The American Empire and the Spanish Economy: an Institutional and Regional Perspective', Revista de Historia Economica, 16 (1996), pp. 123-56.

10. Marichal, La bancarrota, pp. 22-3.

11. A purely monetary explanation of sixteenth-century Castilian inflation is no longer acceptable. Other considerations, and in particular population growth, need to be taken into account. For a lucid survey of the current state of debate over the monetary and other consequences of Spain's acquisition of an American empire, see Bartolome Yun- Casalilla, Marte contra Minerva. El precio del imperio espanol, c. 1450-1600 (Barcelona, 2004), ch. 3.

12. James Campbell, A Concise History of the Spanish America (London, 1741; facsimile edn, Folkestone and London, 1972), p. 291.

13. See Patrick Karl O'Brien and Leandro Prados de la Escosura, `The Costs and Benefits for Europeans from their Empires Overseas', Revista de Historia Economica, 16 (1998), pp. 29-89. Also Renate Pieper, `The Volume of African and American Exports of Precious Metals and its Effects in Europe, 1500-1800', in Hans Pohl (ed.), The European Discovery of the World and its Economic Effects on Pre-Industrial Society (Papers of the Tenth International Economic History Congress, Vierteljahrschrift fur Sozial-Und Wirtschaftsgeschichte, Beihefte, No. 89, Stuttgart, 1990), pp. 97-117.

14. Above, p. 131.

15. I have attempted a brief counterfactual history along these lines in Armitage and Braddick (eds), The British Atlantic World, pp. 241-3.

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