Eleanor of Aquitaine (52 page)

Meade, Marion.
Eleanor of Aquitaine: A Biography
(London, 1977).

Mediaeval Monarchs
(ed. Elizabeth Hallam, London, 1990).

Michaud, Joseph.
A History of the Crusades
(trans. W. Robson, 3 vols., New York, 1881).

Mitchell, Mairin.
Berengaria, Enigmatic Queen of England
(London, 1986).

Moore, Olin H. "The Young King, Henry Plantagenet (1155-1183)," in
History, Literature and Tradition
(Ohio State University:
University Studies,
Vol. 2, no. 12, 1924).

Morby, John E.
Handbook of Kings and Queens
(London, 1989).

Munro, D. C.
The Kingdom of the Crusaders
(New York, 1935).

Nitze, W A. "The Exhumation of King Arthur at Glastonbury"
(Speculum
9, 1934).

Norgate, Kate.
England under the Angevin Kings
(2 vols., London, 1887).

Norgate,
Kate. John Lackland
(London, 1902).

Norgate, Kate.
Richard the Lion Heart
(London, 1924).

Owen, D.D.R.
Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen and Legend
(Oxford, 1993).

Owen, D.D.R.
Noble Lovers
(London, 1975).

Owen, D.D.R. "The Prince and the Churl: The Traumatic Experience of Philip Augustus"
(Journal of Mediaeval History
17, 1992).

The Oxford Book of Royal Anecdotes
(ed. Elizabeth Longford, Oxford, 1989).

Pacaut, Marcel.
Louis VII et son royaume
(Paris, 1964).

Pain, Nesta.
Empress Matilda, Uncrowned Queen of England
(London, 1978).

Pain, Nesta.
The King and Becket
(New York, 1967).

Painter, Sidney. "The Houses of Lusignan and Chatellerault, 1150-1250"
(Speculum
30, 1955).

Painter, Sidney. "The Lords of Lusignan in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries"
(Speculum
32, 1957).

Painter, Sidney.
The Reign of King John
(Baltimore, 1949).

Painter, Sidney.
William Marshal, Knight-Errant, Baron and Regent of England
(Baltimore, 1933; reprinted Toronto, 1982).

Parsons, John Carmi.
Eleanor of Castile: Queen and Society in Thirteenth-Century England
(New York, 1995).

Pernoud, Regine.
Blanche of Castile
(London, 1975).

Pernoud, Regine.
Eleanor of Aquitaine
(Paris, 1965; London, 1967).

Petit-Dutaillis, Charles E.
Le desheritement de Jean sans Terre et le meutre d 'Arthur de Bretagne
(Paris, 1925).

Petit-Dutaillis, Charles E.
Feudal Monarchy in France and England from the Tenth to the Thirteenth Century
(trans. E. D. Hunt, New York, 1964).

The Plantagenet Encyclopaedia
(ed. Elizabeth Hallam, London, 1996).

Plumb, J. H.
Royal Heritage
(London, 1977).

Poole, Austin Lane.
From Domesday Book to Magna Carta, 1087-1216
(Oxford, 1951).

Poole, R. L. "Henry Plantagenet's Early Visits to England"
(English Historical Review
47, 1932).

Powicke, Sir F. Maurice.
The Loss of Normandy, 1189-1203
(Manchester, 1913; reprinted 1961).

Raby, EJ.E.
A History of Christian-Latin Poetry from the Beginnings to the Close of the Middle Ages
(Oxford, 1953).

Ramsay, Sir J. H.
The Angevin Empire, or the Three Reigns of Henry II, Richard I and John, 1154-1216
(Oxford, 1903).

Ramsay, Sir J. H.
A History of the Revenues of the Kings of England, 1066-1399
(Oxford, 1925).

Richard, Alfred.
Histoire des dues et des comtes de Poitou, 778-1204
(2 vols., Paris, 1903).

Richardson, Helen G. "The Letters and Charters of Eleanor of Aquitaine"
(English Historical Review
74, 1959).

Richardson, Helen G. "The Marriage and Coronation of Isabella of Angouleme"
(English Historical Review
61, 1946).

Riffault, Robert.
The Troubadours
(Indiana, 1965).

Robinson, J. A. "Peter of Blois" (in
Somerset Historical Essays,
London, 1921).

Rorimer, J. J.
The Cloisters
(New York, 1938).

Rosenberg, Melrich V.
Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen of the Troubadours and of the Courts of Love
(Boston and New York, 1937).

Round, John Horace.
Feudal England: Historical Studies on the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries
(London, 1895; reprinted London, 1964).

Runciman, Sir Stephen.
Byzantine Civilisation
(London, 1936).

Runciman, Sir Stephen.
A History of the Crusades
(Cambridge, 1951-1954).

Salvini, J. "Alienor d'Aquitaine" (in
Dictionnaire de biographie francaise,
Paris, 1933-1967).

Schirmer, Walter E, and Ulrich Broich.
Studiem zum literarischen Patronat im England des 12. Jahrhunderts
(Cologne and Opladen, 1962).

Schlight, John.
Henry II Plantagenet
(New York, 1973).

Schramm, P. E.
A History of the English Coronation
(trans. G. Wickham-Legg, Oxford, 1937).

Seward, Desmond.
Eleanor of Aquitaine: The Mother Queen
(London, 1978).

Smith, C. E.
Papal Reinforcement of Some Mediaeval Marriage Laws
(Louisiana, 1940).

Softly, Barbara.
The Queens of England
(Newton Abbot, 1976).

Stenton, Frank M.
Norman London
(includes a translation of William Fitz-Stephen's
Description of London
by H. E. Butler) (Historical Association Pamphlet, London, 1934).

Stimming, Albert.
Bertran van Born
(Romanische Bibliothek, Halle, 1892).

Stothard, C. A.
The Monumental Effigies of Great Britain
(ed. J. Hewitt, London, 1876).

Strickland, Agnes.
Lives of the Queens of England
(8 vols., London, 1852; reprinted Bath, 1974).

Stubbs, William.
The Early Plantagenets
(London, 1903).

Stubbs, William.
Historical Introduction to the Rolls Series
(London, 1902).

Swinburne, Algernon Charles.
The Tragedies,
Vol. 1 (London, 1905).

Tennyson, Alfred, Lord.
The Life and Works of Alfred, Lord Tennyson,
Vol. 11 (London, 1899).

Thomas, Antoine.
Bertran van Born, poesies completes
(Toulouse, 1888).

Treece, Henry.
The Crusades
(New York, 1964).

Turner, Ralph V. "Eleanor of Aquitaine and her Children: An Inquiry into Mediaeval Family Attachment"
(Journal of Mediaeval History
14, 1988).

Vaissete, Joseph.
Abrege de I'histoire generale de Languedoc
(5 vols., Paris, 1799).

Waddell, Helen. 77ie
Wandering Scholars
(London, 1954).

Walker, Curtis.
Eleanor of Aquitaine
(Richmond, Virginia, 1950).

Ward, P. L. "The Coronation Ceremony in Mediaeval England"
(Speculum
14, 1939).

Warren, W. L.
Henry II
(London, 1973).

Warren, W. L.
King John
(London, 1961).

Webb, G. "Fontevrault"
(Life of the Spirit,
January 1962).

Weir, Alison.
Britain's Royal Families: The Complete Genealogy
(London, 1989).

White, Freda.
Ways of Aquitaine
(London, 1968).

Winston, Richard.
Becket
(London, 1967).

Women and Power in the Middle Ages
(ed. M. Erler and M. Kowaleski, Athens, Georgia, 1988).

[blank page]

Notes and References

l "Opulent Aquitaine"

1.
Chroniques des eglises d'Anjou.

2
.
For the history of the Counts of Poitou and Dukes of Aquitaine, and in particular for the life of William IX, see Ordericus Vitalis; see also Alfred Richard,
Histoire des dues et des comtes de Poitou,
which draws heavily on original sources (hereafter referred to as Richard).

3. Gervase of Canterbury.

4.
Chroniques des comtes d'Anjou.

5. William of Malmesbury.

6. Ibid.

7. Ordericus Vitalis.

8. Thanks to the endowments of wealthy benefactors, d'Arbrissel was able to establish daughter-houses and -cells elsewhere.

9. William of Malmesbury.

10. Giraldus Cambrensis.

11. William of Malmesbury.

12. Ibid.

13. Giraldus Cambrensis.

14. Ralph of Diceto claims that he waged war on William IX for seven years, but dates his rebellion to 1112, before the Duke had even met Dangerosa. His evidence is therefore unreliable.

15. Geoffrey de Vigeois.

16. Bernard of Clairvaux,
Letters.

17. Bernard of Clairvaux,
Epistolae.

18. Richard le Poitevin.

19. For William X's will and death, see Ordericus Vitalis.

20. Ordericus Vitalis; Suger,
Vie de Louis VI.

21. Suger.

2 "A Model of Virtue"

1. The surname Capet, which probably means "cap-wearer" or "cape-wearer," was not used for Hugh until the thirteenth century, and the dynasty he founded was not described as Capetian until the eighteenth century.

2. Suger; Richard.

3. Suger.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid.

6. Walter Map.

7. Suger; he is the chief source for the early life of Louis VII.

8. Suger.

9. Geoffrey de Vigeois.

10. Ibid.

11. Suger.

12. Ibid. Geoffrey de Vigeois; Richard.

13. La
chronique de Marigny, Chronicle of Montierneuf Abbey.

14.
Chronique de Touraine.

15. Suger; Richard;
Chronique de Touraine.

16
.
Suger; Richard.

17. Ordericus Vitalis.

18. Ibid.

19. Ibid.

20. Richard.

21. Guy de Bazoches,
Eloge de Paris
(quoted in Amy Kelly, "Eleanor of Aquitaine").

22. Stephen of Paris, chronicler; Giraldus Cambrensis.

23. Richard.

24. Ibid.

25. When he joined the order in 1113, it had one house; thanks to his inspirational teaching and international prestige, by the time of his death in 1153 there were 350, and thousands had followed him into their cloisters.

26. For this episode, see Suger.

3 "Counsel of the Devil"

1. For the Toulouse campaign, see Ordericus Vitalis.

2. For the summer in Poitou, see Richard.

3.
Historia Francorum
(in
Receuil des historiens des Gaules et de la France); Chron-ico Mauriniacensi.

4.
Historia Francorum.

5. For the holocaust at Vitry, see
Historia Francorum.

6.
Receuil des historiens.

7. Ibid.

8. F. A. Gervaise,
Histoire de Suger.

9. Ibid.; Suger.

10. Ibid.

11.
Vita Tertia, fragments of a life of Bernard of Clairvaux
by Galfredas Claras Vallensis (in
Patrologiae Latinae,
ed. Migne).

12. Ibid. Migne cites several other contemporary accounts of this meeting, but all are thirdhand and vary slightly in detail.

13. Odo de Deuil.

14. William of Tyre.

15. Ibid.

16. Odo de Deuil.

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid.; see also
La chronique de Marigny.

19. Suger.

20. Odo de Deuil.

21. Ibid.

22. It had been by no means unusual for women to accompany their husbands on the First Crusade, and there is no contemporary evidence that Eleanor's decision provoked adverse comment. It was only fifty years later, when Eleanor's reputation had suffered, that chroniclers such as William of Newburgh asserted that the motives of these female crusaders were anything but spiritual; he complained that their presence in the army was disruptive and attracted women of dubious morals, who diverted many of the men from their holy purpose. "In that Christian camp, where chastity should have prevailed, a horde of women was milling about. This in particular brought scandal upon our army." (William of Newburgh)

23.
Bibliotheque des croisades.

24. This tale is repeated as fact by many later writers, notably de Larry, Histoire
d'Eleonor de Guyenne;
Michaud,
A History of the Crusades;
and Strickland,
Lives of the Queens of England.

25. Niketas Choniates (see Chapter 4).

26. Odo de Deuil.

27.
Chronique des eglises d'Anjou.

28. Odo de Deuil.

29. Ibid.

30. John of Salisbury,
Historia Pontijicalis.

31. She had made a similar arrangement with other abbeys, notably those at Montierneuf and La Grace-Dieu.

32. Odo de Deuil.

33. Henry of Huntingdon.

4 "To Jerusalem!"

1.
Gestes de Louis VII
(in
Bibliotheque des Croisades).

2. Odo de Deuil.

3. Ibid.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid.

6. Ibid.

7. Ibid.; William of Tyre.

8. Odo de Deuil.

9. Ibid.

10. Ibid.

11. William of Tyre.

12. Odo de Deuil.

13. William of Tyre.

14. Ibid.

15. Ibid.

16. Ibid.

17. Ibid.; Odo de Deuil.

18. The chief sources for this episode and its aftermath are William of Tyre, Odo de Deuil, and the
Gestes de Louis VII
(see note 1).

19. Odo de Deuil; Guillaume de Nangis.

20. Odo de Deuil.

21. Ibid.

22. William of Tyre.

23. For descriptions of Antioch, see William of Tyre and Fulcher of Chartres.

24. William of Tyre.

25. Ibid.

26. Ibid.

27. Ibid.

28. John of Salisbury; his account of the rift between Louis and Eleanor appears in his
Historia Pontificalis,
written in the 1160s. All his subsequent quotations in this chapter are taken from this work.

29. William of Tyre.

30. Ibid.

31. Quoted in Harvey,
The Troubadour Marcabru and Love.

32. John of Salisbury.

33. Ibid.

34. Ibid.

35. Guillaume de Nangis.

36. John of Salisbury; William of Newburgh; Suger.

37. John of Salisbury.

38. Ibid.

39. Ibid.

40. Ibid.

41. Ibid.

42. His letter is lost, but its contents may be inferred from Suger's reply, which is printed in
Receuil des historiens.

43. William of Tyre.

44. For Louis's reception in Jerusalem, see William of Tyre and the
Chronique de Saint-Denis
(in
Receuil des historiens).

45. William of Tyre.

46. Henry of Huntingdon.

47. William of Tyre.

48. Ibid.

49. John of Salisbury.

50. For this episode, see John of Salisbury, Guillaume de Nangis, and a letter from Louis to Suger in
Receuil des historiens.

51. William of Tyre.

52. Letter in
Receuil des historiens.

53. John of Salisbury.

54. Ibid.

55. This is inferred from the fact that the Pope made them share a bed (see the following paragraph). Some writers assert that Eleanor was pregnant when she arrived in Tusculum, but this is highly unlikely.

56. John of Salisbury.

57. Ibid.

58. Ibid, (all quotes).

59. Ibid.

60. Gervaise,
Histoire de Suger.

5 "A Righteous Annulment"

1. Ralph of Coggeshall; Ralph of Diceto.

2. Gervase of Canterbury.

3. William of Newburgh.

4. The dating is inferred from the fact that sexual relations between Louis and Eleanor were resumed in October 1149.

5. Chronique de Saint-Denis (in Receuil des historiens).

6. Matthew Paris.

7. Giraldus Cambrensis.

8. Ibid.

9. The palace of the Plantagenets at Angers was demolished in the reign of Louis IX of France and rebuilt in 1228-1230.

10. The chief sources for the history of the counts of Anjou are the
Chronicles
(or the
Deeds)
of the counts of Anjou
(Chroniques des comtes d'Anjou),
which exists in several versions and was compiled in the twelfth century by various writers, among them Odo, Abbot of Marmoutier in the Loire Valley, and Thomas of Loches, who flourished around 1130. John, a monk of Marmoutier, wrote a new version of the chronicle in 1164-1173; it includes a laudatory life of Count Geoffrey the Fair and was dedicated to Geoffreys son, Henry II of England, who was patron of the abbey of Marmoutier. The
Chronicle
recounts the history of the counts of Anjou from the tenth to the twelfth centuries, and is a mixture of fact and myth: most of the passages dealing with the early counts are based on legend.

11. Ibid.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid.; abridged from John of Marmoutier.

14. Ralph of Diceto.

15. His work is now lost.

16. William of Malmesbury.

17.
Gesta Stephani.

18.
Chroniques des comtes d'Anjou.

19. Ibid.

20. William of Conches,
Dragmaticon,
dedicated to Geoffrey of Anjou.

21. Giraldus Cambrensis.

22.
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.

23. Walter Map.

24. Ibid.

25. Ibid.

26. Ibid.

27. Giraldus Cambrensis.

28. Gervase of Canterbury. Master Matthew may perhaps be identified with Henrys future chancellor and Bishop of Angers.

29. Giraldus Cambrensis.

30. Walter Map.

31. Henry of Huntingdon.

32. Giraldus Cambrensis.

33. Walter Map.

34. Giraldus Cambrensis.

35. Ibid.

36. Henry of Huntingdon.

37. Giraldus Cambrensis.

38. Henry of Huntingdon.

39. Peter of Blois.

40. Ralph Niger.

41. Ibid.

42. Giraldus Cambrensis.

43. Peter of Blois.

44. Giraldus Cambrensis.

45. Walter Map.

46. Ibid.

47. Robert of Torigni.

48. During the tenth century the Vexin had been partitioned: the northern part, with the city and castle of Gisors, was absorbed into Normandy, and the southern area became part of France. Ever since then, the Norman Vexin had been a bone of contention between the kings of France and the dukes of Normandy.

49. Robert of Torigni.

50. Ibid.

51. John of Marmoutier.

52. Robert of Torigni.

53. John of Marmoutier. The enamel plaque is now in the municipal museum at Le Mans. The inscription translates as: "By your sword, Seigneur, the

troop of brigands has been put to flight, and through the restoration of peace, repose given to the Church."

54.
Chronique de Touraine;
Geoffrey of Vigeois; Guillaume de Nangis; Richard.

55. See, for example, Helinand of Froidmont, poet and chronicler at the court of Philip II of France (his
Chronicon
is in
Patrologiae Latinae);
also the Minstrel of RJaeims and later sources quoted by Pacaut.

56. Bouchet,
Les annales d'Aquitaine.

6 "A Happy Issue"

1.
Chronique'de Touraine.

2.
Ibid.

3. Gervase of Canterbury.

4.
Chronique de Touraine;
Gervase of Canterbury; Robert of Torigni; William of Newburgh.

5. Richard.

6. Cf. Richard of Devizes, who called her "a common English whore who scorned no filthiness."

7. His tomb effigy may still be seen in Salisbury Cathedral.

8. Giraldus Cambrensis.

9. Gervase of Canterbury.

10. Giraldus Cambrensis.

11. Robert of Torigni.

12. Ibid.

13. Ibid.

14. Ibid.;
Gesta Stephani;
Gervase of Canterbury.

15. Robert of Torigni.

16. Richard.

17. Ibid.

18. Ibid.

19. This biography was by Uc of Saint-Circ, who is quoted in
Choix des poesies originales des troubadours,
ed. Raynouard; see also
Bernard von Ventadour, seine Lieder,
ed. Appel;
Florilege des troubadours,
ed. Berry; Carducci,
In poeta d'amore nel secolo XII;
and
Anthology of the Provencal Troubadours,
ed. Hill and Bergin.

20. Henry of Huntingdon.

21. Ibid.

22.
Gesta Stephani.

23. Gervase of Canterbury.

24. Ibid.; Robert of Torigni.

25. Ralph of Diceto.

26.
William, who had secured the rich earldom of Surrey by marrying the heiress Isabella de Warenne, had taken no part in the civil war, nor expressed any desire to become king.

27. Robert of Torigni.

28.
English Historical Documents.

29. Henry of Huntingdon.

30. Ibid.

31. Walter Map.

32. His reign would not officially begin until the day of his coronation. Until then he would be styled
dominus,
or the Lord Henry. As was customary in early mediaeval times, his regnal years would be dated from the day of his coronation.

33. Henry of Huntingdon.

34. Robert of Torigni.

35.
Choix des poesies originates des troubadours,
ed. Raynouard; Boutiere and Schutz,
Biographies des troubadours.