Eleanor of Aquitaine (55 page)

8. Roger of Hoveden.

9. Ibid.

10.
Foedera;
Richard.

11. Roger of Hoveden.

12. Matthew Paris.

13. William of Newburgh;
L'Histoire de Guillaume le Marechale.

14. Ibid.

15. Ralph of Diceto.

16. Roger of Hoveden.

17. Ralph of Diceto.

18. William of Newburgh.

19. Ralph of Coggeshall.

20. Ralph of Diceto.

21. William of Newburgh.

22. Ralph of Diceto.

23. Roger of Hoveden.

24. Ralph of Diceto.

25. William of Newburgh.

26. I have omitted repetitious passages and some of those citing scripture.

27. Some historians erroneously translate this as "Chateauroux," but it is clear that the Latin reference to the Castle of Ralph refers to the Castello Radulphi, where Eleanor had met the Pope during her visit to Rome in 1191. There is no record of her ever having met Celestine at Chateauroux. The Castle of Ralph is also mentioned (in a passage not quoted in this text) in her second letter to the Pope, where it is obvious that the Roman palace is being referred to.

28.
Foedera;
Richard.

29. Rigord.

30. Roger of Hoveden.

31. Ibid.

32. Gervase of Canterbury.

33. This is sometimes taken as the first of the three letters, but the explanatory detail in the first, and the angrier salutation in this, strongly suggest that it was the second.

34. This was an exaggeration, as Louis VII had already given Alexander III his support. Eleanor had not been present when these matters were discussed by Louis and Henry II.

35.
Foedera;
Richard.

36. A mark was not a coin but a unit of account equivalent to 120 silver pennies or 8 oz. of silver.

37. Roger of Hoveden.

38. Ralph of Diceto.

39. William of Newburgh.

40. Roger of Hoveden.

41. Ralph of Coggeshall.

42. Ralph of Diceto; Roger of Hoveden.

43. Ralph of Coggeshall.

44. Roger of Hoveden.

45. William of Newburgh.

46. Ralph of Diceto;
Annals of Margam.

47.
Chroniques de St Martial.

48. Roger of Hoveden.

49.
Foedera;
Richard.

50. Roger of Hoveden.

51. Giraldus Cambrensis.

52. Roger of Hoveden.

53. Ibid.;
L'Histoire de Guillaume le Marechale.

54. William of Newburgh.

55. Roger of Hoveden.

56. Ibid.

57. Ibid.

58. William of Newburgh.

59. Roger of Hoveden.

60. Letter from Walter of Coutances to Ralph of Diceto; Roger of Hoveden.

61. Ibid.

62. Roger of Hoveden.

63. Letter from Walter of Coutances to Ralph of Diceto.

64. Roger of Hoveden.

65. Ibid.

66. Ralph of Diceto.

67. Gervase of Canterbury.

68. Roger of Hoveden.

69. Ralph of Diceto; Roger of Hoveden.

70. Roger of Hoveden.

71. William of Newburgh; he refers to this port as "Sweyne."

72. Roger of Hoveden; Ralph of Coggeshall.

73. Ralph of Diceto; Gervase of Canterbury.

74. Roger of Wendover.

75. William of Newburgh.

76. Roger of Hoveden.

77. Ralph of Diceto.

78. Ibid.

79. Roger of Wendover.

80. Gervase of Canterbury.

81. Now a ruin known as King John's Palace.

82.
Itinerary of Richard I.

83. Roger of Hoveden.

84. William of Newburgh.

85. Ralph of Diceto.

86. Roger of Hoveden; for this ceremony, see also Gervase of Canterbury and
L'Histoire de Guillaume le Marechale.

87. Gervase of Canterbury.

88. Roger of Hoveden.

89. Pipe Rolls.

90. Roger of Hoveden.

19. "The Staff of My Old Age"

1. Gervase of Canterbury;
L'Histoire de Guillaume le Marechale.

2.
L'Histoire de Guillaume le Marechale.

3. Ralph of Diceto; Roger of Wendover.

4. Roger of Hoveden.

5. Ralph of Diceto.

6. For this episode, see
L'Histoire de Guillaume le Marechale.

7. Roger of Hoveden.

8. Pipe Rolls; Richardson,
The Letters and Charters of Eleanor of Aquitaine.

9. Pipe Rolls.

10.
Calendar of Documents,
ed. Round.

11. Giraldus Cambrensis.

12. Adam of Eynsham.

13. Roger of Hoveden.

14.
Oxford Etymological Dictionary.

15. Rigord.

16. Roger of Hoveden.

17. See
Early Blazon: Heraldic Terminology in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries,
by Gerard J. Brault (Oxford, 1972); also
A European Armorial,
ed. Rosemary Pinches and Anthony Wood (Heraldry Today, 1971),
Armorial Bearings of the Sovereigns of England
by William Petchey (London, 1977),
Royal Beasts
by H. Stanford London (The Heraldry Society, East Knoyle, 1956),
European Civic Coats of Arms
by Jiri Louda (London, 1966), and
The Oxford Guide to Heraldry
by Thomas Woodcock and John Martin Robinson (Oxford, 1988), among many other authorities. See also Nurith Kenaan-Kedar,
Alienor d'Aquitaine conduite en captivite: Les peintures commemoratives de Sainte-Radegonde de Chinon
(Cahiers de civilisation medievale, University of Poitiers, December 1998).

18. His name is subject to dispute: Gervase of Canterbury calls him John Sabroz, while Ralph of Diceto calls him Peter Basili.

19. Roger of Hoveden.

20. Ibid.

21.
Annales Monastici,
ed. Luard.

22. Ralph of Coggeshall.

23.
Calendar of Documents,
ed. Round;
Itinerary of Richard I.

24. Ralph of Coggeshall.

25. Ibid.

26. Ibid.; Ralph of Diceto.

27. Charter of Queen Eleanor to the Abbey of Our Lady of Turpenay.

28. Adam of Eynsham.

29. Ibid.

30. Ralph of Diceto.

31. Roger of Wendover.

20 "The Most Reverend Eleanor"

1. Richard.

2. His name is variously given in the sources as Aimery, Aimeri, Amaury, and Adhemar.

3. Adam of Eynsham.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid.

6. Ibid.

7. Ibid.

8. Roger of Hoveden; Richard.

9. Roger of Hoveden.

10.
(Charter Rolls.)
It is sometimes claimed in modern biographies that Eleanor and Berengaria actually visited Turpenay, but a charter of Maurice, Bishop of Poitiers, confirms that "this gift was made by the Queen at Fontevrault," where she "invested Luke, Abbot of Turpenay, with it, in the presence of Peter of Capua, cardinal, and many others."

11. Roger of Hoveden.

12. Richard.

13.
Calendar of Documents,
ed. Round;
Charter Rolls.

14.
Charter Rolls.

15. She had borne a daughter, Mary or Wilhelmina, the previous year; this daughter later married Bernard of Elbine, Prince of Orange.

16.
Calendar of Documents,
ed. Round.

17.
Charter Rolls;
Richard.

18.
Charter Rolls.

19. Ibid.

20. Richard.

21. Roger of Hoveden.

22.
L'Histoire de Guillaume le Marechale.

23. Roger of Hoveden; Ralph of Coggeshall.

24. Ralph of Coggeshall.

25. Ralph of Diceto.

26. Ibid.; Ralph of Coggeshall; Roger of Hoveden;
L'Histoire de Guillaume le Marechale.

27. Ralph of Diceto.

28. Richard; Rigord;
Foedera.

29.
Charter Rolls.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid.

33. Ibid.

34. Ibid.

35. For Joanna's veiling and death, see Roger of Hoveden.

36. Some genealogical works give his name as Betrand, perhaps confusing him with Count Raymond's illegitimate son Bertrand. It is far more likely that he was named after the late King Richard.

37.
Charter Rolk

38. Ibid.; Richard.

39. For this episode, see Roger of Hoveden.

40. Roger of Hoveden.

41. Gervase of Canterbury.

42. Roger of Hoveden.

43. Gervase of Canterbury.

44. Richard.

45. Roger of Hoveden; some modern writers assert that Eleanor left before the truce was concluded, but it is clear from this account that she did not.

46. Some books state that there were three unmarried daughters, including the eldest, Berengaria, but she had married Alfonso IX of Leon, as his second wife, in 1198.

47. Pierre Vidal,
Poesio.
Queen Eleanor of Castile lived until 1214; she and King John were the only two of Eleanor's children to survive her.

48. Quoted in Appel,
Provenzalische Chrestomathie.

49. Roger of Hoveden.

50. Ibid.

21 "The Brood of the Wicked Shall Not Thrive"

1.
Charter Rolls.

2. Roger of Hoveden; Ralph of Diceto; Rigord. Hugh of Lincoln bore witness to this hatred when he visited Arthur in Paris and advised him to show himself friendly towards John in order to preserve the peace.

3. Roger of Hoveden; Ralph of Diceto; Rigord.

4. Roger of Hoveden.

5.
Foedera.

6.
Ralph of Diceto; Richard.

7. Ralph de Lusignan had acquired the county of Eu by marriage to its Norman heiress.

8. Roger of Hoveden.

9. Guillaume le Breton.

10. Roger of Hoveden.

11. Aymer died in the summer of 1202, whereupon John succeeded him as Count of Angouleme.

12. Roger of Hoveden.

13. Ibid.;
L'Histoire de Guillaume le Marechale; Chronique de Touraine; Annals of Bury St Edmunds
(in
Annales Monastici).

14. Ralph of Coggeshall.

15. Roger of Wendover.

16. Matthew Paris.

17. Ibid. Matthew Paris claimed he was told this by an eyewitness.

18. After King John's death in 1216, Isabella of Angouleme married Hugh X de Lusignan, the son of her former betrothed.

19. Ralph of Diceto.

20. Adam of Eynsham.

21. Roger of Wendover; Ralph of Diceto; Roger of Hoveden.

22.
Foedera.

23.
Charter Rolb.

24. Ibid.

25. Roger of Wendover.

26. Roger of Hoveden; Rigord.

27. Rigord.

28. Her body remained unburied until the church at Villeneuve was completed in 1225, when she was interred there beside Guy of Thouars and their daughter Alice.

29. Gervase of Canterbury.

30. Ralph of Coggeshall.

31. Ibid.

32. Ibid. Marie, Philip's daughter by Agnes of Meran, was five years old.

33. Rigord; Guillaume le Breton; Roger of Wendover.

34. Roger of Wendover.

35.
Calendar of Documents,
ed. Round.

36. Ralph of Coggeshall.

37. Ibid.; Guillaume le Breton;
Chronique des eglises d'Anjou;
Roger of Wendover.

38. Ralph of Coggeshall.

39.
L'Histoire des dues de Normandie.

40. Letter from King John to the English barons, quoted by Ralph of Coggeshall.

41. Ralph of Coggeshall.

42.
L'Histoire des dues de Normandie.

43. Guillaume le Breton; Ralph of Coggeshall.

44. Roger of Wendover.

45. Ralph of Coggeshall.

46.
L'Histoire des dues de Normandie.

47. Ralph of Coggeshall.

48. Ibid.

49. Roger of Wendover.

50. Ibid.

51. Ibid.

52. John's quarrel with the Lusignans was not resolved until 1214, when Hugh's son, the future Hugh X, was betrothed to Joanna, the daughter of John and Isabella. After John's death, the betrothal was broken and Isabella herself married Hugh X.

53. There she would remain, albeit generously treated, until her death forty years later in the reign of John's son, Henry III.

54. Roger of Wendover.

55. Ralph of Coggeshall; Matthew Paris.

56. Ralph of Coggeshall.

57. Roger of Wendover.

58.
Chronique des eglises d'Anjou.

22 "A Candle Goeth Out"

1. Ralph of Coggeshall.

2. Roger of Wendover.

3. Ralph of Coggeshall.

4. Ibid.

5. Ibid.

6.
L'Histoire de Guillaume le Marechale.

7. Ibid.

8. Roger of Wendover.

9.
Rotuli Litterarum Patentium;
Ralph of Coggeshall.

10.
Rotuli Litterarum Patentium.

11. Roger of Wendover.

12. Guillaume le Breton.

13. Ibid.

14.
Annals of Margam
(in
Annales Monastici).

15. Ibid.

16. Matthew Paris.

17.
Rotuli Litterarum Patentium.

18. Most notably Richard and Powicke.

19. Ralph of Coggeshall;
Chronicle of Lanercost.

20. Referred to in Powicke,
The Loss of Normandy.

21. Ralph of Coggeshall.

22.
Annals of Margam.

23. Matthew Paris.

24. Roger of Wendover.

25. Rigord; Guillaume le Breton.

26.
L'Histoire de Guillaume le Marechale.

27. Roger of Wendover.

28. Ibid.

29.
L'Histoire de Guillaume le Marechale.

30. Ibid.

31. Ibid.

32. Ralph of Coggeshall.

33. Ibid.

34.
Annals of Waverley
(in
Annales Monastici).
Some later sources, notably
L'art de verifier les dates,
give the date of Eleanor's death incorrectly as 31 March.