Ebony and Ivy (55 page)

7
. Robert V. Wells,
The Population of the British Colonies in America Before 1776: A Survey of Census Data
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1975), 147; Marvin L. Michael Kay and Lorin Lee Cary,
Slavery in North Carolina, 1748–1775
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995), 19; Peter H. Wood, “The Changing Population of the Colonial South: An Overview by Race and Region, 1685–1790,” in Gregory A. Waselkov, Peter H. Wood, and Tom Hatley, eds.,
Powhatan's Mantle: Indians in the Colonial Southeast
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2006), 57–76; Peter H. Wood,
Black Majority: Negroes in Colonial South Carolina from 1670 Through the Stono Rebellion
(New York: Norton, 1975), 131–66; Betty Wood,
Slavery in Colonial Georgia, 1730–1775
(Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1984), 59–87; Russell Thornton,
The Cherokees: A Population History
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1990), 30–32; Greg O'Brien,
Choctaws in a Revolutionary Age, 1750–1830
(Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2005), 121n; Governor William Gooch, “Report to the Lords of Trade,” 1749, Virginia Governor, 1741–1749, Virginia Historical Society.

8
. See Bishop François de Laval's deeds transferring his property to the seminary and the trustees' acknowledgment of his donations, April–November 1680, Archives du Séminaire de Québec, Séminaire 1, no. 17B, and Séminaire 2, no. 68 and 69, Centre de référence de l'Amérique française, Musée de l'Amérique française, Quebec, Canada. The deeds recording Laval's land acquisitions are also available in the collection. Noël Baillargeon,
Le Séminaire de Québec sous l'Épiscopat de Mgr de Laval
(Quebec: Les Presses de L'Université Laval, 1972), 65–88, 193–97; H. Clare Pentland,
Labour and Capital in Canada, 1650–1860
(Toronto: James Lorimer, 1981), 1–2; Marcel Trudel,
Les Débuts du Régime Seigneurial au Canada
(Montreal: Fides, 1974), 90–101, 275, 279; Gur Frégault and Marcel Trudel,
Histoire du Canada: par les textes
(Montreal: Fides, 1963), I:38–43. Also see William B. Munro,
The Seigneurs of Old Canada: A Chronicle of New World Feudalism
(Toronto: Brook, 1914); Richard Colebrook Harris,
The Seigneurial System in Early Canada: A Geographical Study
(Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1966).

9
. Nathaniel Byfield owned multiple slaves and at least one Scottish indentured servant, James Furdize, a nineteen-year-old. “John Leverett's Diary, 1707–1723,” 64–72, 106–8, Papers of John Leverett, Box 8, Harvard University Archives; Samuel A. Bates, ed.,
Records of the Town of Braintree, 1640–1793
(Randolph, MA: Daniel H. Huxford, 1886), 725; Edward Field, ed.,
State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations at the End of the Century: A History
(Boston: Mason, 1902), II:476; Thomas Williams Bicknell,
The History of the State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations
(New York: American Historical Society, 1920), III:1179; Nathaniel
Byfield,
An Account of the Late Revolution in New-England: Together with the Declaration of the Gentlemen, Merchants, and Inhabitants of Boston, and the Country Adjacent. April 18, 1689
(London: Richard Chiswell, 1689); Harriette M. Forbes, ed.,
The Diary of Ebenezer Parkman, of Westborough, Mass
. (Westborough, MA: Westborough Historical Society, 1899), esp. vi;
Boston News-Letter
, 30 September 1706, 25 November 1706, 17 Feb 1707;
New-England Weekly Journal
, 25 March 1728.

10
. Yale's estates were in slaveholding regions, and its tenants included slave owners. Entries on the leasing of the college farms, “Yale University Corporation and Prudential Committee Minutes,” Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library; Ebenezer Baldwin,
Annals of Yale College in New Haven, Connecticut, from Its Foundation, to the Year 1831
(New Haven: Hezekiah Howe, 1831), 308;
An Account of the Number of Inhabitants, in the Colony of Connecticut, January 1, 1774: Together with An Account of the Number of Inhabitants, Taken January 1, 1756
(Hartford, CT: Ebenezer Watson, 1774); A. G. Hibbard,
History of the Town of Goshen, Connecticut with Genealogies and Biographies
(Hartford, CT: Case, Lockwood, and Brainard, 1897), 22–25; Bureau of the Census,
Heads of Families at the First Census of the United States Taken in the Year 1790: Connecticut
(Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1908), 57; entries for 25 January 1742, 15 August 1758, College of William and Mary, “Faculty Minutes, 1729–1784,” and College of William and Mary, “Bursars Books, 1743–1770,” Special Collections, Swem Library, College of William and Mary; “College Negroes,”
William and Mary Quarterly
, January 1908, 170.

11
. Edward Field, ed.,
State of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations at the End of the Century: A History
(Boston: Mason, 1902), I:584; Silas Cooke to Aaron Lopez, 27 August 1776, 7 and 16 September 1776, Aaron Lopez Papers, Box 14, Folder 7, American Jewish Historical Society; entries for 16 April 1746, 10 September 1760, 30 November 1762, 22 October 1766, 13 September 1769, “Yale University Corporation and Prudential Committee Minutes”; Susan Stanton Brayton, “Whitehall during the War of Revolution,” n.d., Rhode Island Historical Society;
Census of the Inhabitants of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, Taken by Order of the General Assembly, in the Year 1774; and by the General Assembly of the State Ordered to be Printed
(Providence: Anthony Knowles, 1858), 10; Jay Mack Holbrook,
Rhode Island 1782 Census
(Oxford, MA: Holbrook Research Institute, 1979), 36;
Census Record of the State of Rhode Island for 1782
, copied by Mrs. Lewis A. Waterman, historian, Rhode Island Daughters of Founders and Patriots of America, 1941–1945, and typed by Mrs. Louis Oliver and Mrs. Albert Congdon, president and past president of the RIDFPA, 16, Rhode Island Historical Society.

12
. A conflict between Jay and the trustees of King's College undermined the appeal for a royal grant. These grants were largely in the disputed area
that became Vermont. Lieutenant Governor Cadwallader Colden apportioned a twenty-four-thousand-acre tract west of the Connecticut River to King's. The trustees secured twenty thousand acres to the north. Governor William Tryon then gave the college ten thousand acres of his own estate. Because of the location of these lands and the sparse populations in these areas, the board had trouble attracting tenants. “The Memorial and Humble Petition of Sir James Jay, Knight, in behalf of the Govrs of King's College in the City of New York in America” and “To the Right Honble Lords of the Committee of His Majesty's Most Honble Privy Council for Plantation Affairs,” in E. B. O'Callahan, ed.,
Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New-York
(Albany, NY: Weed, Parsons, 1853–), VII:643–46; David C. Humphrey,
From King's College to Columbia, 1746–1800
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1976), 132–34.

13
. Governor Belcher was urging the trustees to choose a location and begin constructing a campus. Entries for 15 May 1751 and 27 September 1752, “The Minutes of the Proceedings of the Trustees of the College of New Jersey,” vol. 1, Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University; Gerald Breese,
Princeton University Land, 1752–1984
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1986), 3–34; “University Land Records” (AC028), Folder 12, Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton University; Brendan McConville,
These Daring Disturbers of the Public Peace: The Struggle for Property and Power in Early New Jersey
(Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1999), 31–36, 51; T. B. Chandler to Samuel Johnson, 26 February 1753, in “Some Early Princeton History,”
Princeton Alumni Weekly
, 7 January 1914; James Manning to Rev. Dr. Samuel Stennett, 5 June 1771, James Manning Papers, 1761–1827, Box 1, Folder 5 (A753), John Hay Library, Brown University.

14
. William W. H. Davis,
The History of Bucks County, Pennsylvania, from the Discovery of the Delaware to the Present Time
(Doylestown, PA: Democrat Book and Job Office, 1876), 181–83, 789–97; Samuel M. Janney,
The Life of William Penn: With Selections from His Correspondence and Auto-Biography
(Philadelphia: Hogan, Perkins, 1852), 184–85; entries for 9 October 1759, 9 November 1762, 11 October 1763, and 14 June 1764, in
Minutes of the Trustees of the College, Academy and Charitable Schools of the University of Pennsylvania
, vol. 1,
1749–1768
(Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources, 1974), 108, 174–75, 224, 269; Thomas Harrison Montgomery,
A History of the University of Pennsylvania: From Its Foundation to A.D. 1770
(Philadelphia: W. Jacobs, 1900), 380–82, 415–16; George B. Wood,
Early History of the University of Pennsylvania: From Its Origin to the Year 1827
(Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1896), 49–50, 60–61.

15
. Onesimus is the slave in Paul's Epistle to Philemon. Henry Louis Gates Jr. and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham, eds.,
African American Lives
(New York: Oxford, 2004), 640–41; Donald G. Tewksbury,
The Founding of American
Colleges and Universities Before the Civil War with Particular Reference to the Religious Influences Bearing upon the College Movement
(New York: Teachers College, 1932), 84–87; Thomas Symmes, “Notebook, 1696–1774,” American Antiquarian Society; Cotton Mather,
Diary of Cotton Mather
(New York: Frederick Ungar, 1957), I:579. Quoted in John Langdon Sibley,
Biographical Sketches of the Graduates of Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts
(Cambridge: Charles William Sever, 1873–) V:esp. 432.

16
. “Benjamin Wadsworth's Book (A. Dom. 1725) Relating to the College,”
Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts
(Boston: By the Society, 1935), XXXI:461, 470.

17
. The board comprised James Noyes, Stonington; Israel Chauncy, Stratford; Thomas Buckingham, Saybrook; Abraham Pierson, Kenilworth; Samuel Mather, Windsor; Timothy Woodbridge, Hartford; James Pierpont, New Haven; Samuel Andrew, Milford; Joseph Webb, Fairfield; and Noadiah Russell, Middletown. Edwin Oviatt,
The Beginnings of Yale
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1916), 196, 333; “Act for a Collegiate School,” October 1701, in Hoadly, ed.,
Public Records of the Colony of Connecticut
, IV:363–64; last will and testament of Timothy Woodbridge, 1 April 1732,
The Woodbridge Record: Being an Account of the Descendants of the Rev. John Woodbridge of Newbury, Mass. Compiled from the Papers Left by the Late Louis Mitchell, Esquire
(New Haven: Privately printed, 1883), 234.

18
. David Lawrence Pierson,
Narratives of Newark (in New Jersey) from the Days of Its Founding: 1666–1916
(Newark: Pierson, 1917), 18–46, 88; Abraham Pierson,
Some Helps for the Indians: Shewing Them How to Improve Their Natural Reason, to Know the True God, and the True Christian Religion
… (London: M. Simmons, 1659); Rev. Joseph F. Folsom, “Church History,”
A History of the City of Newark, New Jersey: Embracing Practically Two and a Half Centuries, 1666–1913
(New York: Lewis Historical Publishing, 1913), II:949–52; Sibley,
Harvard University Graduates
, II:253–58;
Sketches of Yale College, with Numerous Anecdotes, and Embellished with More Than Thirty Engravings
(New York: Saxton and Miles, 1843), 20–22; John Fiske,
The Dutch and Quaker Colonies in America
(Cambridge: Riverside, 1903), II:17–18.

19
. The last will and testament of Benjamin Pierpont, and the last will and testament of John Pierpont,
Acts and Resolves of the General Court
, vol. 17, 27–28, Massachusetts State Archives; R. Burnham Moffat,
Pierrepont Genealogies from Norman Times to 1913, with Particular Attention Paid to the Line of Descent from Hezekiah Pierpont, Youngest Son of Rev. James Pierpont of New Haven
(New York: Privately printed, 1913), 34–37; John S. Whitehead,
The Separation of College and State: Columbia, Dartmouth, Harvard, and Yale, 1776–1876
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1973), 13–14.

20
.
Sibley's Harvard Graduates
, IV:192–95, V:588–97, VII:496.

21
. President Francis Wayland of Brown, for instance, used the story during one of his own commentaries on slavery. The various accounts disagree on
whether Stiles traded a barrel of rum or a hogshead of whiskey. Franklin Bowditch Dexter, ed.,
The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, D.D., LL.D., President of Yale College
(New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1901), I:521, 525, II:271, 272; Edmund S. Morgan,
The Gentle Puritan: A Life of Ezra Stiles, 1727–1795
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1962), 124–25; Richard Fuller,
Domestic Slavery Considered as a Scriptural Institution: In a Correspondence Between the Rev. Richard Fuller, of Beaufort, S.C., and the Rev. Francis Wayland, of Providence, R.I. Revised and Corrected by the Authors
, 5th ed. (New York: Lewis Colby, 1847), 38.

22
. The Pennsylvania Society for Promoting the Abolition of Slavery and the Relief of Negroes Unlawfully Held in Bondage was founded in 1775. Edmund S. Morgan,
Benjamin Franklin
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2002), 105; Alan Houston,
Benjamin Franklin and the Politics of Improvement
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008), 200–201; Benjamin Franklin to Mrs. Abiah Franklin, undated, in Jared Sparks, ed.,
A Collection of the Familiar Letters and Miscellaneous Papers of Benjamin Franklin
(Boston: Charles Bowen, 1833), 17–19; David Waldstreicher,
Runaway America: Benjamin Franklin, Slavery, and the American Revolution
(New York: Hill and Wang, 2004), 25–26, 144;
Publications of the Rhode Island Historical Society
(Providence: By the Society, 1899), VII:140–41; William G. McLoughlin,
Rhode Island: A History
(New York: Norton, 1986), 78–80, 106–7.