Ebony and Ivy (59 page)

21
. The residents of the village of Amherst in western Massachusetts named their town for the victorious general and sought to attract funding from the Williams' estate for a college. The move reflected Amherst's popularity among the colonists, but it was also a strategic step to counter anticipated objections from Harvard to another college in the commonwealth. General Amherst declined the town's petition for a college and instead sent its residents to appeal to the Massachusetts legislature, where their cause died, largely from the interference of Harvard. Williams College descended from the original endowment. Later the faculty and students at Williams divided over the religious orientation of the school, and the defectors established Amherst College (1821) in Amherst. Williams, last will and testament, 22 July 1755; Spring,
History of Williams College
, 22; Miles, “Red Man Dispossessed,” 276–97; J. C. Long,
Lord Jeffrey Amherst: A Soldier of the King
(New York: Macmillan, 1933), 168–78.

22
. Last will and testament of George Washington, in Jared Sparks, ed.,
The Writings of George Washington: Being His Correspondence, Addresses, Messages, and Other Papers, Official and Private, Selected and Published from the Original Manuscripts
(Boston: Ferdinand Andrews, 1839), I:569–73.

23
. William Smith's introductory letter, “Concerning the Office and Duties of a Protestant Ministry, Especially During Times of Public Calamity and Danger,” in Thomas Barton,
Unanimity and Public Spirit: A Sermon
Preached at Carlisle, and Some Other Episcopal Churches, in the Counties of York and Cumberland, Soon after General Braddock's Defeat
(Philadelphia: B. Franklin and D. Hall, 1755); Thomas Barton,
The Conduct of the Paxton-Men, Impartially Represented: With Some Remarks on the Narrative
(Philadelphia: Andrew Steuart, 1764).

24
. Samuel Davies,
Religion and Patriotism the Constituents of a Good Soldier: A Sermon Preached to Captain Overton's Independent Company of Volunteers, Raised in Hanover Country, Virginia, August 17, 1755
(Philadelphia: James Chattin, 1755), 3–5, 22; George Whitefield,
A Short Address to Persons of All Denominations, Occasioned by the Alarm of an Intended Invasion
(Philadelphia: B. Franklin and D. Hall, 1756); Samuel Finley,
The Curse of Meroz: Or, the Danger of Neutrality, in the Cause of God, and Our Country: A Sermon, Preached the 2nd of October, 1757
(Philadelphia: James Chattin, 1757), 5–25; Samuel Richardson to the Rev. Mr. Sam[ue]l Davies, secretary of the Society for Managing the Mission and School among ye Indians, 22 May 1759, Folder 1, William Richardson Davie Papers, 1758–1819, Manuscript Department, Wilson Library, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill; Samuel Davies,
The Duty of Christians to Propagate Their Religion among Heathens, Earnestly Recommended to the Masters of Negroe Slaves in Virginia. A Sermon Preached in Hanover, January 8, 1757
(London: J. Oliver, 1758), 18–37.

25
. William Smith,
The Christian Soldier's Duty; the Lawfulness and Dignity of his Office; and the Importance of the Protestant Cause in the British Colonies, state and explained. A Sermon, Preached April 5, 1757. In Christ-Church, Philadelphia, To the first Battalion of his Majesty's Royal American Regiment; at the Request of their Colonel and Officers
(Philadelphia: James Chattin, 1757), 26–27; entry for 4 February 1758, in
Minutes of the Trustees of the College, Academy and Charitable Schools of the University of Pennsylvania
, vol. 1,
1749–1768
, 93; Samuel Davies,
The Curse of Cowardice: A Sermon Preached to the Militia of Hanover County, in Virginia, at a General Muster, May 8, 1758, with a View of the Company for Captain Samuel Meredith
(London: J. Buckland, 1758), 11; By the Author of American Fables [William Smith],
Indian Songs of Peace with a Proposal, in a Prefatory Epistle, for Erecting Indian Schools, and a Postscript by the Editor, Introducing Yariza, an Indian Maid's Letter, to the Principal Ladies of the Province and City of New-York
(New York: J. Parker and W. Wayman, 1752), 3–12.

26
. John Witherspoon,
The Absolute Necessity of Salvation Through Christ: A Sermon, Preached Before the Society in Scotland for the Propagating Christian Knowledge, In the High Church of Edinburgh, On Monday, January 2, 1758. To Which is Subjoined, a Short Account of the Present State of the Society
(Edinburgh: W. Miller, 1758), 39–41.

27
. Letter from Benjamin Franklin, 12 December 1755, Box 1, #1376, Henley Smith Collection, Library of Congress;
New-York Mercury
, 1 October
1759; Varnum Lansing Collins,
President Witherspoon: A Biography
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1925), 217; David Walker Woods Jr.,
John Witherspoon
(London: Fleming H. Revel, 1906), 185–89; “Minutes of the Synod of New York and Philadelphia,” May 18–25, 1774, in
Records of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America
(Philadelphia: Presbyterian Board of Publication, 1841), 453.

28
. Certificate dated 9 May 1765, and affidavit dated 9 May 1765, in Sylvester K. Stevens and Donald H. Kent, eds.,
The Papers of Col. Henry Bouquet
, Series 21651 (Harrisburg: Commonwealth of Pennsylvania and Pennsylvania Historical Commission, 1943), 207.

29
. Col. Henry Bouquet to Sir Jeffrey Amherst, 25 June 1763, 13 July 1763, 26 July 1763, 27 August 1763, and Sir Jeffrey Amherst to Col. Henry Bouquet, 16 July 1763, 25 September 1763, in Stevens and Kent, eds.,
Papers of Col. Henry Bouquet
, 203, 214–19, 222–23, 250–51, 276–77.

30
. John Watts to Moses Franks, John Watts to General Robert Monckton, John Watts to James Napier, 23 July 1763 and 11 June 1764,
Letter Book of John Watts
, 156–58; Gregory Evans Dowd,
War Under Heaven: Pontiac, the Indian Nations, and the British Empire
(Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2002); Daniel G. Brinton,
The Lenâpé and Their Legends; with the Complete Text and Symbols of the Walam Olum, a New Translation and an Inquiry into Its Authenticity
(1884; New York: AMS, 1969), 9–73; Samuel Bard to John Bard, 1 August 1764, Miscellaneous Manuscripts, Health Sciences Library, Archives and Special Collections, Columbia University.

31
. A Lover of This Country [William Smith],
An Historical Account of the Expedition Against the Ohio Indians, in the Year MDCCLXIV. Under the Command of Henry Bouquet, Esq. Colonel of Foot and Now Brigadier General in America. Including His Transactions with the Indians, Relative to the Delivery of Their Prisoners, and the Preliminaries of Peace. With an Introductory Account of the Preceding Campaign, and Battle at Bushy-Run. To Which are Annexed Military Papers, Containing Reflections on the War with the Savages; a Method of Forming Frontier Settlements; Some Account of the Indian Country; with a List of Nations, Fighting Men, Towns, Distance, and Different Routes. The Whole with a Map and Copper-Plates
(Philadelphia, 1766); Edward Shippen, Lancaster, to son, 13 April 1765, Shippen Family Papers, Cartons 3–4, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress; William Trent's correspondence and records of claims, in Papers on Indian Losses, 1766–1770, 14–39, collection of the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.

32
. Hugh Williamson, “To the Human and Liberal, Friends of Learning, Religion and Public Virtue, in the island of Jamaica. The Memorial and Humble Address of Hugh Williamson, M.D. One of the Trustees of the Academy of New-Ark, in Behalf of That Institution,”
Philadelphia Packet
, 15 June 1772.

33
. “Additional Memoir of the Mohegans, and of Uncas, Their Ancient Sachem,”
Collections of the Massachusetts Historical Society
(Boston: Hall and Hiller, 1804), IX:89–90; Long,
Lord Jeffrey Amherst
, 168–78; Samuel Johnson to William Samuel Johnson, 1 February 1762, Samuel Johnson Papers, Letter Books, vol. II, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University; minutes for 10 May 1763, “Minutes of the Governors of King's College,” vol. 1, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University; W. DeLoss Love,
Samson Occom and the Christian Indians of New England
(Boston: Pilgrim Press, 1899), 130.

34
. Sir William Johnson to Eleazar Wheelock, 16 October 1762, Sir Jeffrey Amherst to Sir William Johnson, 17 October 1762, Nathaniel Whitaker to Eleazar Wheelock, 1 March 1766, Sir William Johnson to Daniel Burton, 8 October 1766, and Minutes of a Meeting of the Susquehannah Company, 28 December 1768, in Bond, ed.,
Susquehannah Company Papers
, I:9–15, II:175–176, 312, 317–18, III:43–47.

35
. George William Pilcher, ed.,
The Reverend Samuel Davies Abroad: The Diary of a Journey to England and Scotland
(Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1967), xi, 6; Hall,
History of the Presbyterian Church in Trenton, N.J
., 121–23.

36
. Jay had a conflict with the college over the funds, and the issue ended up in the courts. It was eventually settled with the college issuing a statement clearing Jay of all accusations. “The Memorial and Humble Petition of Sir James Jay, Knight, in Behalf of the Govrs of King's College in the City of New York in America,” in E. B. O'Callahan, ed.,
Documents Relative to the Colonial History of the State of New-York
(Albany, NY: Weed, Parsons, 1853–), VII:643–45; entries for 23 May 1763 and 27 May 1763, in
Minutes of the Trustees of the College, Academy and Charitable Schools of the University of Pennsylvania
, vol. 1,
1749–1768
, 208, 211; Samson Occom, “Journal, Dec. 6, 1743–Nov. 29, 1748,” 77, Samson Occom Diaries, Rauner Library, Dartmouth College; Alden T. Vaughan,
Transatlantic Encounters: American Indians in Britain, 1500–1776
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 203; Leon Burr Richardson, ed.,
An Indian Preacher in England: Being Letters and Diaries Relating to the Mission of the Reverend Samson Occom and the Reverend Nathaniel Whitaker to Collect Funds in England for the Benefit of Eleazar Wheelock's Indian Charity School, from Which Grew Dartmouth College
(Hanover, NH: Dartmouth College Publications, 1933), 14–15. On the controversy between Jay and King's College, see “The Corporation of the Governors of the College &c. of New York against Sir James Jay,” and “The Answer of Sir James Jay Knight Defendant to the Bill of Complaint of the Corporation and the Governors of the College of the Province of New York,” 6 May 1767, C12/855/19, National Archives, United Kingdom; “Power of Attorney to Thomas Maunsel authorizing him to raise funds for King's college, New York,” May
1774, James Jay Manuscript Collection, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University. On the resolution, see the statement releasing the governors of King's College from all claims and the governors' unpublished statement admitting the misunderstanding and confirming Jay's good standing and name, James Jay Manuscript Collection, Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Columbia University.

37
. “On savage Lands she showers her Beams divine / Their rugged Passions soften and refine,” wrote Levi Frisbie, a student from Branford, Connecticut, in celebration of the college charter. “The Veil of Darkness droops from off their Minds / And Gospel Truth in awful glory shines.”
State of the Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge, in the year 1769
(Edinburgh, 1769), 15–16; Levi Frisbie,
Cohos. The Wilderness Shall Blossom as the Rose. To His Excellency John Wentworth, Esq.; Captain-General, Governor and Commander in Chief, in and over His Majesty's Province of New-Hampshire, On His Grant of a Very Generous Charter of Incorporation of Dartmouth College
(New London, CT: Timothy Green, 1769);
The Society for Propagating the Gospel Among the Indians and Others in North America, 1787–1887
(Cambridge, MA: University Press, 1887), esp. 33–40.

38
. Eleazar Wheelock to Captain Arent DePeyster, 10 May 1773 (#773318), and Eleazar Wheelock to Captain Arent DePeyster, 15 June 1774 (#774365), Dartmouth College Archives, Rauner Library; Rev. Levi Frisbie, “A Short Account of the Mission of the Reverend Mr. Levi Frisbie, Mr. James Dean, Mr. Thomas Kendall, to the Indians in the Province of Quebec. Being, An Abstract from the Journal of the Former, 1774,” appended to the later editions of Eleazar Wheelock,
A Continuation of the Narrative of the Indian Charity School, Begun in Lebanon, in Connecticut; Now Incorporated with Dartmouth-College in Hanover, in the Province of New-Hampshire
(Hartford, CT, 1775), 44–54.

39
. Colin G. Calloway,
The Western Abenakis of Vermont, 1600–1800: War, Migration, and the Survival of an Indian People
(Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1990), 30–31; Col. Samuel Stevens to Eleazar Wheelock, 13 June 1775 (#775363), Rauner Library, Dartmouth College; Frederick Chase,
A History of Dartmouth College and the Town of Hanover, New Hampshire
, ed. John K. Lord (Cambridge, MA: John Wilson and Son, 1891), I:300–301.

40
. Dr. Wheelock continued to search for a better deal years after the 1769 chartering of Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. As the colonial army marched through Iroquoia, Wheelock was in correspondence with General Philip Schuyler about securing government support for Indian education at his school, although Native education was now a minor part of his vocation. In 1790 an English court directed that the Brafferton Fund, which had nearly £1,000 immediately available, be used to convert African slaves in the British West Indies. James Manning to Rev. Dr. Samuel Stennett, 5 June 1771, James Manning Papers, 1761–1827, Box 1,
Folder 5 (A753), John Hay Library, Brown University; Franklin Bowditch Dexter, ed.,
The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, D.D., LL.D., President of Yale College
(New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1901), I:364;
The Two Charters of the Society for Advancing the Christian Faith in the British West India Islands, and Elsewhere, with the Diocese of Jamaica and of Barbadoes, and the Leeward Island, and in the Mauritius: To Which Is Prefixed, a Short Account of the Charitable Fund
(London: Richard Clay, 1836), 5–7; Samuel Eliot Morison,
Harvard College in the Seventeenth Century
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1936), I:345; Lyon Gardiner Tyler,
The College of William and Mary in Virginia: Its History and Work, 1693–1907
(Richmond: Whittet and Shepperson, 1907), 62; Love,
Samson Occom and the Christian Indians of New England
, 159; Eleazar Wheelock to General Schuyler, 18 February 1777, in the “Duane Letters,”
Publications of the Southern History Association
, September 1903, 362–68.