Ebony and Ivy (52 page)

59
. William Bentinck-Smith, “Nicholas Boylston and His Harvard Chair,”
Proceedings of the Massachusetts Historical Society
, 1981, 17–39;
Boston Evening-Post
, 17 February 1772;
Historical Register of Harvard University, 1636–1926
, 44; “Nicholas Boylston,”
Harvard Graduates' Magazine
, December 1895, 205–9; Donnan, ed.,
Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade
, III:72–76, 257; epitaph for John Richardson Bayard, 15 July 1756, and the last will and testament of Peter Bayard, Cecil County, Maryland, 25 June 1765, #1377 and 1381–2, Box 1, Henley Smith Collection, Library of Congress; last will and testament of Cornelius Van Schaack, 31 July 1775 (in hand of his son Peter Van Schaack), Van Schaack Family Papers; Peyton Farrell Miller,
A Group of Great Lawyers of Columbia County, New York
(Privately printed, 1904), 75–76.

60
. Just a few years earlier, while serving the Presbyterian communion in Virginia, Rev. Davies had accused the planters of neglecting and preventing the spiritual salvation of enslaved people. In unequivocal language, he charged them with offending providence. It was not just immoral but a sin that put white people's souls in jeopardy, he judged. The Society in Scotland for Propagating Christian Knowledge had supported Davies' Virginia ministry. In New Jersey, the SSPCK supported the Indian mission, but slave traders and slave owners governed the college. Samuel
Davies, Nassau Hall, to Mr. [Peter Van Brugh] Livingston, 18 January 1760,
Proceedings of the New Jersey Historical Society
1, no. 2 (1845): 78; Samuel Davies,
The Duty of Christians to Propagate Their Religion among Heathens, Earnestly Recommended to the Masters of Negroe Slaves in Virginia. A Sermon Preached in Hanover, January 8, 1757
(London: J. Oliver, 1758).

61
.
General Catalogue of the College of New Jersey, 1746–1896
(Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1896), 43–52; Thomas,
Columbia University Officers and Alumni
, 97–105; Kierner,
Traders and Gentlefolk
, 163–64.

62
. Donnan, ed.,
Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade
, III:494; Theodore Thayer,
As We Were: The Story of Old Elizabethtown
(Elizabeth, NJ: Grassmann for the New Jersey Historical Society, 1964), 78–79; David Ogden,
The Claim of the Inhabitants of the Town of Newark, in Virtue of the Indian Purchase Made by the First Settlers of Newark, in 1667, Stated and Considered
(Woodbridge, NJ: Samuel F. Parker, 1766); David Ogden of Newark, NJ, to Jonathan Sergeant, 16 November 1759, 23 May 1760, and 24 July 1761, Box 2, Folder 8, Robert Ogden of Elizabethtown, NJ, to Jonathan Sergeant, 10 June 1771, Box 2, Folder 20, Abraham Ogden of Newark, NJ, to Nicholas Low, 31 December 1783, Box 2, Folder 1, Ogden Family Papers, Manuscripts Division, Firestone Library, Princeton University; Franklin Bowditch Dexter,
Biographical Sketches of the Graduates of Yale College with Annals of the College History, October, 1701–May, 1745
(New York: Henry Holt, 1885), 373–75;
General Catalogue of the College of New Jersey
, 42–50; Thomas,
Columbia University Officers and Alumni
, 97, 102–3; Thomas Harrison Montgomery,
A History of the University of Pennsylvania from Its Foundation to A.D. 1770
(Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs, 1900), 547; see also William Ogden Wheeler, comp.,
The Ogden Family in America: Elizabethtown Branch and Their Ancestry: John Odgen, the Pilgrim and His Descendants, 1640–1906, Their History, Biography and Genealogy
(Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott, 1907), esp. 67–84.

63
. Entry for 16 April 1746, “Yale University Corporation and Prudential Committee Minutes,” Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library; Clap,
Annals or History of Yale-College, in New-Haven
, esp. 54;
Historical Register of Yale University, 1701–1937
(New Haven: Yale University, 1939), 63; Wheeler,
Ogden Family in America
, 52.

64
. Ebenezer Baldwin,
Annals of Yale College in New Haven, Connecticut, from Its Foundation, to the Year 1831
(New Haven: Hezekiah Howe, 1831), 308; Fryer,
Staying Power
, 46–47; the letter appointing John Lloyd Jr. is reprinted in “John Leverett's Diary, 1707–1723,” 145, Papers of John Leverett, Box 8, Harvard University Archives;
Virginia Magazine of History and Biography
, July 1903, 310–11.

1
. Jonathan Swift,
Travels into Several Remote Nations of the World. In Four Parts by Lemuel Gulliver, First a Surgeon, and then a Captain of Several Ships
(London: Benj. Motte, 1726), 194; Elaine L. Robinson,
Gulliver as Slave Trader: Racism Reviled by Jonathan Swift
(Jefferson, NC: McFarland, 2006); Daniel Defoe,
The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe: Being the Second and Last Part of His Life, and of the Strange Surprising Accounts of His Travels Round Three Parts of the Globe. Written by Himself; to Which is Added a Map of the World, in Which is Delineated the Voyages of Robinson Crusoe
(London: W. Taylor, 1719); Tim Severin,
Seeking Robinson Crusoe
(London: Macmillan, 2002); Daniel Defoe,
A New Voyage Round the World, by a Course Never Sailed Before. Being a Voyage Undertaken by Some Merchants, Who Afterwards Proposed the Setting up an East-India Company in Flanders
(London: A. Bettesworth, 1725).

2
. Pierre Carlet de Chamblain de Marivaux reversed the master-slave relationship in his 1725 comedy
L'isle des esclaves: Comèdie en un acte
(Paris: Noel Pissot, 1725). See also John Witherspoon,
The History of a Corporation of Servants, Discovered a Few Years Ago in the Interior Parts of South America, Containing Some Very Surprising Events and Extraordinary Characters
(Glasgow: John Gilmour, 1765), esp. 57; Jonathan Swift,
Directions to Servants in General; and in Particular to the Butler, Cook, Footman, Coachman, Groom, House-Steward, and Land-Steward, Porter, Dairy-Maid, Chamber-Maid, Nurse, Laundress, House-Keeper, Tutoress, or Governess
(London: R. Dodsley, 1745).

3
. Virginia's Arthur Lee, a graduate of the Edinburgh medical program whose family patronized the College of New Jersey, responded to Adam Smith with a rabid assault upon the humanity of black people, a ridiculing of the lives of peasants in Ireland and Scotland, and a reminder that England had transported Africans to the colonies. Adam Smith,
The Theory of Moral Sentiments
(London, 1759), 402; Adam Smith,
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations
(London: W. Strahan and T. Cadell, 1776), ch. 3; County Tax Ratables, Somerset County, Western Precinct, 1780–1786, reel 18, New Jersey State Archives; Arthur Lee,
An Essay in Vindication of the Continental Colonies of America, from a Censure of Mr. Adam Smith, in His Theory of Moral Sentiments. With Some Reflections on Slavery in General. By an American
(London: For the author, 1764).

4
. Rev. Witherspoon emerged as a major intellectual and political champion of colonial resistance to English rule and his college helped define a new national culture. During his tenure in the presidency, John Witherspoon completed two terms in the New Jersey legislature, and served with Benjamin Rush in the Continental Congress. John Witherspoon of Paisley,
Scotland, to Benjamin Rush, 29 April 1767, 22 May 1767, 3 June 1767, 7 July 1767, 4 August 1767, and John Witherspoon, New York City, to Benjamin Rush, 8 October 1768, John Witherspoon Collection, Box 1, Folder 13, Manuscripts Division, Firestone Library, Princeton University; Benjamin Rush, Edinburgh, to Jonathan Smith, 30 April 1767, Box 1, Henley Smith Collection, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.

5
. Christopher Codringon's last will and testament, 1702, also see his wills of 1700 and 1710, PROB 20/540, National Archives, United Kingdom; William Gordon,
A Sermon Preach'd at the Funeral of the Honourable Colonel Christopher Codrington, Late Captain General and Governor in Chief of Her Majesty's Carribbee Islands; Who Departed Life at His Seat in Barbadoes, on Good-Friday the 7th of April 1710. and Was Interr'd the Day Following in the Parish Church of St. Michael
(London: G. Strahan, 1710), 3–4, 20–23; Frank J. Klingberg,
Codrington Chronicle: An Experiment in Anglican Altruism on a Barbados Plantation, 1710–1834
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1949), 24–35; Sylvester Hovey,
Letters from the West Indies: Relating Especially to the Danish Island St. Croix, and to the British Islands Antigua, Barbadoes and Jamaica
(New York: Gould and Newman, 1838), 110–12.

6
. J. M. Hone and M. M. Rossi,
Bishop Berkeley: His Life, Writings, and Philosophy
(London: Faber and Faber, 1931), 165; A. A. Luce,
The Life of George Berkeley, Bishop of Cloyne
(London: Thomas Nelson and Sons, 1949), 131–32; George Berkeley,
A Proposal for the Better Supplying of Churches in Our Foreign Plantations, and for Converting the Savage Americans to Christianity
(London: H. Woodfall, 1724), 8–9.

7
. Samuel E. Morison, “The Letter-Book of Hugh Hall: Merchant of Barbados, 1716–1720,”
Transactions, 1933–1937: Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts
(Boston: By the Society, 1937), XXXII: 514–21;
New-England Weekly Journal
, 27 May 1728.

8
. “Hugh Hall Account Book, 1728–1733,” 5–36, Hugh Hall Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society; Elizabeth Donnan, ed.,
Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade to America
(Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution, 1930–35), III:50; John Langdon Sibley,
Biographical Sketches of Graduates of Harvard University, in Cambridge, Massachusetts
(Cambridge, MA: Charles William Sever, 1873–), IV:120–28; Ebenezer Turell,
The Life and Character of the Reverend Benjamin Colman
(Boston: Rogers and Fowle, 1749), esp. 53–59.

9
.
Sibley's Harvard Graduates
, esp. I:597–98, V:432; Andrew P. Peabody,
Memoir of John Langdon Sibley
(Cambridge, MA: John Wilson and Son, 1886).

10
.
Sibley's Harvard Graduates
, IV:128, 359, V:341–68; entries for 12 June 1709, Thomas Prince, “Journal of Voyages to Barbados, 1709–1711,” Massachusetts Historical Society; “Hugh Hall Account Book,” 29.

11
. The intervention of Spanish ships destroyed Woodbridge's scheme and left the company with thousands of enslaved black people whom he sold at a significant loss in a weak market. L. Vernon Briggs,
History of Shipbuilding on North River, Plymouth County, Massachusetts, with Genealogies of the Shipbuilders, and Accounts of the Industries upon Its Tributaries, 1640–1872
(Boston: Coburn Brothers, 1889), 261, 285; Josiah Quincy,
The History of Harvard University
(Cambridge, MA: J. Owen, 1840), I:421–22;
Sibley's Harvard Graduates
, IV:318–20; Morison, “Letter-Book of Hugh Hall,” 517–18.

12
. Dudley Woodbridge to Benjamin Colman, 10 July 1711, 10 April 1718, Benjamin Colman Papers, Massachusetts Historical Society; Franklin Bowditch Dexter,
Biographical Sketches of the Graduates of Yale College with Annals of the College History, October, 1701–May, 1745
(New York: Henry Holt, 1885), 520; last will and testament of Timothy Woodbridge, 1 April 1732,
The Woodbridge Record: Being an Account of the Descendants of the Rev. John Woodbridge of Newbury, Mass. Compiled from the Papers Left by the Late Louis Mitchell, Esquire
(New Haven: Privately printed, 1883), 10–24, 234; Ebenezer Baldwin,
Annals of Yale College in New Haven, Connecticut, from Its Foundation, to the Year 1831
(New Haven: Hezekiah Howe, 1831), 308.

13
. Hugh Hall Jr., Barbados, to Benjamin Colman, 30 March 1720, Benjamin Colman Papers; Klingberg,
Codrington Chronicle
, 24–35.

14
. Nathaniel Saltonstall,
A Continuation of the State of New-England; Being a Farther Account of the Indian Warr, and the Engagement betwixt the Joynt Forces of the United English Collonies and the Indians, on the 19th of December, 1675, with the True Number of the Slain and Wounded, and the Transactions of the English Army since the Said Fight. With All Other Passages That Have Hapned from the 10th of November, 1675 to the 8th of February 1676. Together with an Account of the Intended Rebellion of the Negroes in Barbadoes
(London: T.M., 1676), reprinted in Charles H. Lincoln, ed.,
Narratives of the Indian Wars, 1675–1699
(New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1913), 71–74; David Eltis,
The Rise of African Slavery in the Americas
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 243; Winthrop D. Jordan,
White over Black: American Attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550–1812
(New York: Norton, 1977), 156; Hugh Hall Jr. to Benjamin Colman, 30 March 1720, Benjamin Colman Papers; Mr. Sharpe to the Secretary, 23 June 1712, vol. VII, no. 33, Archives of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts.

15
. Several years later, Gore died of smallpox. Cotton Tufts became a physician and a founder of the Massachusetts Medical Society.
Boston News-Letter
, 2 July 1711;
Harvard Graduates' Magazine
, March 1914, 555–56; William Cooper,
A Sermon Concerning the Laying the Deaths of Others to Heart, Occasion'd by the Lamented Death of the Ingenious & Religious Gentleman, John Gore M.A. of Harvard College in Cambridge, N.E., Who Died of Small-pox, November 7, 1720, in the 38th Year of His Age
(Boston:
B. Green, 1720); Morison, “Letter-Book of Hugh Hall,” 514–21; “Instructions to Captain Pollipus Hammond, 1746,” in Donnan, ed.,
Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade
, III:138–39; entries dated 30 January 1749 at the back of Cotton Tufts's diary in Ames' Almanac, 1748, “Cotton Tufts Diaries, 1748–1794,” Massachusetts Historical Society.