Drug War Capitalism (47 page)

18 Greg
Wolf, “After Partnering to Disrupt Trafficking, Detachment Martillo Departs Guatemala,” October 16, 2012,
http://www.hqmc.marines.mil/News/NewsArticleDisplay/tabid/3488/Article/128618/after-partnering-to-disrupt-trafficking-detachment-martillo-departs-guatemala.aspx.

19
Central Intelligence Agency, “Official History of the Bay of Pigs Operation: Participation in the Conduct of Foreign Policy, Volume II,” October 1979,
http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB353/bop-vol2-part1.pdf, 13–14.

20
US Northern Command, or NORTHCOM, is responsible for Mexico, as well as the US Virgin Islands, Puerto Rico, the Bahamas, Canada, and the US.

21
United States Southern Command, “Beyond the Horizon, New Horizons 2012,” June 19, 2012,
http://www.southcom.mil/newsroom/Pages/Beyond-the-Horizon--New-Horizons-2012.aspx.

22
Southcom, “Seabees, Preventive Medicine Specialists Team Up in Guatemala,” October 22, 2012,
http://www.navy.mil/submit/display.asp?story_id=70228.

23
Ruiz-Goireina and Mendoza, “200 US Marines Join Anti-Drug Effort.”

24 Leon E.
Panetta, “Speech: Hampton Roads Chamber of Commerce,” October 19, 2012,
http://www.defense.gov/speeches/speech.aspx?speechid=1729.

25 Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies, “12 Questions for Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Western Hemisphere Affairs Frank Mora,” January 2012, http://www.ndu.edu/chds/news.cfm?action=view&id=57&lang=PT.

26 William Brownfield, “Regional Security Cooperation: An Examination of the Central America Regional Security Initiative and the Caribbean Basin Security Initiative,” June 19, 2013,
http://docs.house.gov/meetings
/FA/FA07/20130619/101032/HHRG-113-FA07-Wstate-Brownfield
W-20130619.pdf
.

27 Ibid., 40.

28 Ralph
Espach, et al., “Criminal Organizations and Illicit Trafficking in Guatemala’s Border Communities,”
CNA Analysis and Solutions
, December 2011,
http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/IPR%2015225.pdf.

29 Julie
López, “Guatemala’s Crossroads: The Democratization of Violence and Second Chances,” in
Wilson Center Reports on the Americas
29: 151,
http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/LAP_single_page.pdf.

30
Democracy Now!, “Genocide-Linked General Otto Pérez Molina Poised to Become Guatemala’s Next President,”
Democracy Now!
, Septemer 15, 2011,
http://www.democracynow.org/2011/9/15/genocide_linked_general_otto
_prez_molina
. In March 2011, Harbury filed a lawsuit in Guatemala against President Pérez Molina, alleging his role in the disappearance, torture, and assassination of her husband, guerrilla commander Efraín Bámaca. See: Corelia Orantes, “Jennifer Harbury acciona contra Pérez Molina,”
Prensa Libre
,
March 23, 2011,
http://prensalibre.com.gt/noticias/Acciona
-Perez_0_449355088.html.

31 Elyssa Pachico, “How Much Is Guatemala Arming the Zetas?,”
InSight Crime
, http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/how-much-is-guatemala-arming-the-zetas.

32
Siglo21, “Fiscal dice que ex kaibil capturado dirigió massacre,” May 19, 2011,
http://www.s21.com.gt/node/39187.

33 Cpl. Daniel Negrete, “Marines Sweat It Out With Guatemalan Kaibiles,”
Marines
, September 18, 2010, http://www.2ndmaw.marines.mil/News/
ArticleView/tabid/357/Article/32610/marines-sweat-it-out-with-guatemalan
-kaibiles.aspx. Tim Padgett, “Guatemala’s Kaibiles: A Notorious Commando Unit Wrapped Up in Central America’s Drug War,”
Time
, July 14, 2011, http://world.time.com/2011/07/14/guatemalas-kaibil-terror-from-dictators
-to-drug-cartels/#ixzz2EguGbDZW.

34 Sylvia Gereda Valenzuela, “El capítulo negro de Fernández Ligorría,”
El Periodico
,
January 15, 2011, http://www.elperiodico.com.gt/es/20110115/opinion/188624.

35 Douglas Gámez, “Crearán Fuerza de Tarea militar contra el narcotráfico,” March 30, 2012, http://goldcorpoutnews.wordpress.com/2012/03/30/crearan
-fuerza-de-tarea-militar-contra-el-narcotrafico/.

36 Elyssa Pachico, “Key Zetas Ally Walther Overdick Arrested in Guatemala,”
Insight Crime
, April 3, 2012, http://www.insightcrime.org/news-analysis/key-zetas-ally-walther-overdick-arrested-in-guatemala.

CHAPTER 8: DRUG WAR CAPITALISM IN HONDURAS

1 Hillary Clinton, “Remarks at her Meeting With Central American Foreign Ministers,” September 27, 2012, http://www.state.gov/secretary
/20092013clinton/rm/2012/09/198315.htm.

2 Peter Meyer, “Honduras-US Relations,”
Congressional Research Service.
July 24, 2013,
http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34027.pdf
, 21.

3 Ibid.

4 Clinton, Hillary, “Remarks at her Meeting With Central American Foreign Ministers,”

5 Observatorio de la Violencía, “Mortalidad y Otros,” January 2013, http://iudpas.org/pdf/Boletines/Nacional/NEd28EneDic2012.pdf.

6 Ibid.

7 Observatorio de la Violencía, “Mortalidad y Otros,” May 2006, http://iudpas
.org/pdf/Boletines/Nacional/NEd01EneDic2005.pdf.

8 Observatorio de la Violencía, “Mortalidad y Otros,” February 2014, http://iudpas.org/pdf/Boletines/Nacional/NEd32EneDic2013.pdf.

9 Darío Euraque,
Reinterpreting the Banana Republic: Region and State in Honduras, 1870–1972
(Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996), 43–44.

10 Marvin Barahona,
Honduras en el siglo XX: Una síntesis histórica
(Tegucigalpa: Editorial Guaymaras, 2009), 72.

11 Alison Acker,
Honduras: The Making of a Banana Republic
(Toronto: Between the Lines, 1988), 74.

12 Ibid.

13 John Booth, Christine Wade, and Thomas Walker,
Understanding Central America: Global Forces, Rebellion and Change
, Fourth Edition, (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 2006), 135.

14 Euraque,
Reinterpreting the Banana Republic
, 73–74.

15 Booth, Wade, and Walker,
Understanding Central America
, 135, 218.

16 Walter LaFeber,
Inevitable Revolutions: The United States in Central America
, Second Edition (New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 1983), 182. Tim Merrill,
Honduras: A Country Study
(Washington, DC: GPO for the Library of Congress, 1995), 147.

17 Noam Chomsky,
Turning the Tide: The US and Latin America
, Second Edition (Montréal: Black Rose Books, 1987), 40

18 Edelberto Torres Rivas,
History and Society in Central America
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 1993), 104.

19 Booth, Wade, and Walker,
Understanding Central America
, 135, 218.

20 Alcides Hernández,
El Neoliberalismo en Honduras
(Tegucigalpa: Editorial Guaymuras, 1983), 93.

21 Meyer, “Honduras-US Relations.”

22 William I. Robinson
, Promoting Polyarchy
, 62.

23 Tom Barry and Kent Norsworthy,
Honduras: A Country Guide
(Albuquerque: The Resource Center, 1990), 17.

24 Torres-Rivas,
History and Society in Central America
, 127.

25 William I. Robinson,
Transnational Conflicts: Central America, Social Change and Globalization
(New York: Verso, 2003), 123.

26 Booth, Wade, and Walker,
Understanding Central America
, 135, 218.

27 Ibid.

28 Robinson,
Transnational Conflicts
, 125.

29 Booth, Wade, and Walker,
Understanding Central America
, 135, 137.

30 Jorge L. Fernández and Luis M. Martínez,
A veinte años del auge de la maquila en Honduras: La situación de los derechos humanos laborales de las trabajadoras y los trabajadores
(El Progreso, Yoro: Comunicaciones Comunitarios, 2009), 32.

31 Jack R. Binns,
The United States in Honduras, 1980–1981: An Ambassador’s Memoir
(Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 2000), 2.

32 Robinson,
Transnational Conflicts
, 118, 125.

33 Ibid., 125.

34 Ibid., 118, 125.

35 Raymond Robertson, Drusilla Brown, Gaëlle Pierre, and María Laura Sanchez-Puerta,
Globalization, Wages and the Quality of Jobs: Five Country Studies
(Washington, DC: World Bank Publications, 2009), 177.

36 Robinson,
Transnational Conflicts
, 129. Booth, Wade, and Walker,
Understanding Central America
, 135, 144.

37 SICE. “Honduras: Exports to Partner Countries 1980–2002,”
SICE
, 2005. http://www.sice.oas.org/tradedata/HND_e.asp.

38 Alcides Hernández,
Del reformismo al ajuste structural
(Tegucigalpa: Editorial Guaymuras, 2007), 75.

39 Ibid., 60.

40 Robinson,
Transnational Conflicts
, 130.

41 Meyer, “Honduras-US Relations.”

42 Mark J. Ruhl, “Redefining Civil-Military Relations in Honduras,”
Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs
38, no. 1 (Spring,1996): 49.

43 Booth, Wade, and Walker,
Understanding Central America
, 135, 145.

44 Ibid., 135, 145.

45 Morgan Lee and Alexandra Olson, “Honduran Coup Shows Business Elite Still in Charge,” The Associated Press. August 6, 2009, http://www.utsandiego.com/news/2009/Aug/06/lt-honduras-coup-elite-backlash-080609/.

46 Economist Intelligence Unit, “Honduras Politics: Mixed Report Card for Zelaya,”
The Economist
(May 10, 2007).

47 COHEP, “Press Release,” Consejo Hondureño de la Empresa Privada, June 29, 2009, http://narcosphere.narconews.com/userfiles/70/PressRleaseJuneCohep.2009.pdf.

48 ANDI, “Comunicado: Golpe de Estado? Manuel Zelaya Rosales ya lo habia llevado a cabo,” Asociación Nacional de Industriales de Honduras, July 1, 2009, http://nacerenhonduras.com/2009/06/golpe-de-estado-manuel
-zelaya-rosales.html

49 COHEP, “Documento de Posición,” Consejo Hondureño de la Empresa Privada, August 19, 2009, http://narcosphere.narconews.com/userfiles/70/PositionPaper.pdf.

50 Adrián Burgos Padilla, “Honduras: promoción y protección de la inversion,” July 4, 2012, http://www.centralamericalink.com/es/Legales/Honduras_promocion_y_proteccion_de_la_inversion/.

51 Meyer, “Honduras-US Relations,” 13.

52 Alberto Arce, “AP Exclusive: Honduras Chief Denies Death Squads,” The Associated Press, November 2, 2013, http://bigstory.ap.org/article/ap-exclusive
-honduras-chief-denies-death-squads.

53 Rosemary Joyce and Russell Sheptak, “Re-militarizing the Police: Turning the Clock Back in Honduras,”
Upside Down World
, October 7, 2013, http://upsidedownworld.org/main/honduras-archives-46/4495-re-militarizing-the-police-turning-the-clock-back-in-honduras.

54 Kaitlin Owens,
Honduras: Periodismo bajo la sombra de impunidad
(Toronto: IHRP/Pen Canada, 2014), 7, defensoresenlinea.com/cms/documentos/
Honduras_Periodismo_sombra_impunidad.pdf.

55 Sandra Cuffe, “Congress’ Last Stand: Privatizations among New Laws in Honduras,”
Upside Down World
, January 28, 2014, http://upsidedownworld
.org/main/honduras-archives-46/4668-congress-last-stand-privatizations-among-new-laws-in-honduras.

56 Redaccion, “Honduras: Redes del narcotráfico penetraron a altos oficiales,”
El Heraldo
, February 5, 2014, http://www.elheraldo.hn/Secciones-Principales/Al-Frente/Honduras-Redes-del-narcotrafico-penetraron-a-altos-oficiales.