Divided we Fail (37 page)

16
. Ibid.

17
. “Forum of Protest; School Plan to End Busing Called Racist,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, October 4, 1991.

18
. Allar, “Gospel According to Kevin Cosby.”

19
. “Forum of Protest.”

20
. Ibid.

21
. “Blacks' Old, New Guards Emotionally Torn over School Plan,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, October 13, 1991.

22
. “Meeting's Speakers United in Support for End to Busing,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, October 11, 1991.

23
. “Consultants Collect $70,400 for Work on School Plan,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, January 30, 1992.

24
. “Meeting's Speakers.”

25
. “Powers, Ingwerson Cover No New Ground at Meeting on Plan to End Busing,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, November 2, 1991.

26
. “Busing Revisited; Angry Parents Say Forums Designed to Stifle Debate,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, October 15, 1991; “Desegregation's New Direction; Parents Left Waiting, Worrying as Schools Decide What's Best,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, November 17, 1991.

27
. “Ingwerson Would Resume Busing to Meet Racial Goals,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, October 31, 1991; “Sen. Neal Opposes Proposed Student-Assignment Plan,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, December 15, 1991.

28
. “Readers' Forum . . . The Busing Proposal ‘Community Input,' ”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, November 25, 1991.

29
. Ibid.

30
. “NAACP to Ask Ingwerson to Withdraw Busing Plan,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, December 7, 1991.

31
. “Revised School Plan Approved,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, December 20, 1991.

32
. “Educators Still Sorting out Details of New Busing Plan,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, December 21, 1991.

33
. “Facts on School Plan Scare Confusing,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, February 11, 1992.

34
. “Ingwerson Is Superintendent of the Year,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, February 22, 1991; “Some Hoping to Foil Ingwerson's Chance for National Award,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, February 13, 1992.

35
. “Integration Goal Reached,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, May 23, 1992.

36
. For the composition of the monitoring committee, see monitoring committee documents from Robert Douglas, private collection; “Groups Jockey for Slots on Panel to Monitor School-Assignment Plan,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, June 18, 1992.

37
. Details of Joseph McMillan's life from author interview with McMillan, January 11, 2010.

38
. “Push to Persuade Ingwerson to Stay Unlikely to Work,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, September 5, 1992; “Ingwerson Quits to Lead Educational Institute,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, March 5, 1993.

39
. “Job Pressures May Have Led to Departure,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, March 5, 1993.

40
. “Schools Accused of Resegregating,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, February 25, 1993.

41
. Beverly Bartlett, “Panel Raises Possibility of Mostly Black Academy,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, March 12, 1996.

42
. Carman Weathers, “Separation Not Necessarily Evil,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, August 5, 1994.

43
. “Racial Imbalance Forces 10 Blacks to Leave Central,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, September 23, 1994.

44
. Veda Morgan, “The Fourth ‘R': How Race Affects School Choices under Jefferson County's Project Renaissance,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, June 16, 1996.

45
. Veda Morgan, “District Expands Some Schools Despite Enrollment Being Flat,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, June 17, 1996.

46
. Veda Morgan, “School Integration Incentives Proposed,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, August 13, 1996; Veda Morgan, “Daeschner Backs Revised Version of School Plan,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, August 23, 1996.

47
. Details of Deborah Stallworth's life from author interview with Stallworth, May 20, 2009.

48
. Author interview with Sandra Hampton, August 19, 2009.

Chapter 18

1
. Interviews with Robert Douglas, Carman Weathers, Riccardo X, Fran Thomas.

2
. Details of Teddy Gordon's life from author interviews with Gordon, March 31, 2009, and January 21, 2010, except where other sources cited.

3
. “Woman Injured on Waterslide at Kentucky Kingdom,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, July 24, 1992.

4
. “Officer Sues for Promotion, Cites Reverse Discrimination,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, November 27, 1990; “Appeals Court Rejects White Police Officer's Promotion-Bias
Claim,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, April 2, 1993.

5
. “Oldham Suit over Racial Harassment Is Resolved,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, March 10, 1995.

6
. “Judge Declares Alderman's Seat Vacant,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, April 21, 1998.

7
. Rick McDonough, “Court Orders Alderman Removed,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, April 18, 1998; “Representative Reginald Meeks (D),” Kentucky Legislature,
http://www.lrc.ky.gov/
.

8
. Bill Billiter, “The Voter Is King, and Candidate,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, May 18, 1971.

9
. “The Candidate Who Wasn't There Is a Sure Loser,”
Louisville Times
, May 25, 1971.

10
. Andrew Wolfson and Chris Kenning, “Court to Hear Unlikely Advocate,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, December 4, 2006; “32nd District,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, October 24, 1979; “5th District,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, October 20, 1983; Alan Judd, “Democratic Candidates for Prosecuting Attorney Have Varied Backgrounds,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, May 21, 1987.

11
. Author interviews with Harold Fenderson, January 14, 2010, and Daniel Withers, principal of Central High School, November 2, 2009.

12
. Veda Morgan, “Suit Attacks Schools' Way of Integrating: 6 Black Parents Challenge Limits at Central High,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, April 23, 1998.

13
. Ibid.

14
. Ibid.

15
.
Hampton
, Complaint, April 22, 1998.

16
. Details of Judge John Heyburn's life from author interview with Heyburn, August 20, 2009, and author communication with Heyburn, January 13, 2012.

17
. Mary Margaret Bell, “Chenoweth Elementary School,” Jefferson County Public Schools History Blog,.

18
. Details about Frank Mellen from author interview with Mellen, April 3, 2009.

19
. Details about Byron Leet from author interview with Leet, November 9, 2009.

20
.
Hampton
, Answer of the Defendants, May 13, 1998.

21
. Mark Schaver, “Black Parents Seek End to Court Order Issued in '75,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, January 30, 2000;
Hampton
, Intervening Complaint, Virgil C. Fitzpatrick, October 14, 1998.

22
. Some details about QUEST from author interview with Steve Porter, January 15, 2010.

23
.
Hampton
, Intervening Complaint.

Chapter 19

1
. Fern Creek High School was eligible for a federal school-improvement grant for the nation's worst schools in 2009 after years of poor performance on state tests. Lonnie Harp, “School Ratings Give a First Look at New System,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, January 27, 2000; author interview with Houston Barber, principal at Fern Creek, April 8, 2010; also see Cary Stemle, “Get under the Bus?”
Leo (Louisville Eccentric Observer) Weekly
, August 4, 2010.

2
. Veda Morgan, “2 Groups Seek Dismissal of Central Suit,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, September 15, 1998.

3
. Details of first
Hampton
trial from
Hampton v. Jefferson County
transcripts, April 13, 14, and 21, 1999; author interviews with Teddy Gordon, Byron Leet, Frank Mellen, Judge Heyburn, and CEASE members.

4
. Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 438 US 265 (1978).

5
. W. E. B. Du Bois,
The Souls of Black Folk
(New York: Barnes and Nobles Classics, 2005), 9.

6
. Author interview with Stephen Daeschner, January 13, 2010.

7
.
Hampton
, Memorandum and Order, April 22, 1999.

8
. Michael Jennings, “Balancing Races Is Hard, Schools Say,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, April
15, 1999.

Chapter 20

1
. Hampton v. Jefferson County, Response, April 26, 1999.

2
. Hampton v. Jefferson County, Second Amended Complaint, May 10, 1999.

3
. Hampton v. Jefferson County, 72 F. Supp. 2d 753 (1999), Opinion, June 10, 1999.

4
. Carman Weathers, “Debating Integration's Value,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, August 19, 1997.

5
. Author interview with Robert Douglas.

6
. Michael Jennings, “Parents Seek to End School Decree,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, June 16, 1999.

7
. Jeffrey Rosen, “The Lost Promise of School Integration,”
New York Times
, April 2, 2000.

8
. Terry Belk v. The Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education, 269 F.3d 305 (4th Cir. 2001); Alison Morantz, “Desegregation at Risk: Threat and Reaffirmation in Charlotte,” in Gary Orfield and Susan Eaton, eds.,
Dismantling Desegregation: The Quiet Reversal of
Brown v. Board of Education (New York: New Press, 1996), 179–206.

9
. Rosen, “Lost Promise”; Julia A. McLaughlin v. Boston School Committee, 938 F. Supp. 1001 (US Dist. 1996).

10
. Rosen, “Lost Promise”; Brian Ho v. San Francisco Unified School District, 965 F. Supp. 1316 (US Dist. 1997).

11
. Rosen, “Lost Promise.”

12
. Ibid.

13
. Peter Applebome, “New Choices for Parents Are Starting to Change U.S. Education Landscape,”
New York Times
, September 4, 1996; Alan Wolfe, ed.,
School Choice: The Moral Debate
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003).

14
. Susan Chira, “A Sea of Doubt Swells Around Bush's Education Plan,”
New York Times
, July 22, 1991.

15
. Applebome, “New Choices”; Adam Nagourney, “Dole Backs School Choice through Vouchers,”
New York Times
, July 19, 1996.

16
. Applebome, “New Choices.”

17
. Peter Cookson,
School Choice: The Struggle for the Soul of American Education
(New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994).

18
. Andrea Billups, “Poll Finds Ignorance on School Choice,”
Washington Times
, November 17, 1999.

19
. Rosen, “Lost Promise.”

Chapter 21

1
. Larry Weisman, “Surprising Rams, Titans Duel to Finish,”
USA Today
, January 31, 2000.

2
. Liz Clarke, “Hardy Warner Takes Home a Final Laurel; Unlikely Hero Finishes with MVP Performance,”
Washington Post
, January 31, 2000.

3
. Details of the second
Hampton
trial from
Hampton v. Jefferson County
transcripts, January 31, February 1, 2, 17, 18, and 24, and March 17 and 28, 2000.

4
. Idris Ghani, “Judge Confirms Victory of Handy over Williams in 42nd District Race,”
Louisville Times
, August 7, 1984; Mervin Aubespin, “Local NAACP Elects Attorney as President,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, December 7, 1976.

5
. Carol Marie Cropper, “Aubrey Williams Fired from State Director's Job,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, September 3, 1987.

6
. Courtroom dialogue here and below comes from the transcripts, Hampton v. Jefferson County, 72 F. Supp. 2d 753 (1999), US District Court-Western District of Kentucky.

7
. Details of John Whiting's life from author interview with Whiting, January 13, 2010, in
addition to transcripts.

8
. Mark Schaver, “Schools Will Talk about Settlement of Central Lawsuit,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, January 22, 2000.

9
. Mark Schaver, “Settlement in Central High Case Looks Unlikely,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, March 28, 2000.

10
. Details of Pat Todd's life from author interviews with Todd, November 4, 2009, and January 14, 2010.

Chapter 22

1
. Chris Poynter, “The Plaintiffs: Elated CEASE Members Say They Feel Vindicated,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, June 21, 2000.

2
. Hampton v. Jefferson County, 102 F. Supp. 2d 358 (U.S. Dist. 2000), Opinion, June 20, 2000.

3
. Poynter, “The Plaintiffs”; Holly Coryell, “Group Hails End of Racial Limits,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, June 23, 2000.

4
. Andrew Wolfson, “Schools and Race: Attitudes Changing,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, June 25, 2000.