Divided we Fail (36 page)

7
. National Education Association, “Report of NEA Task Force III,” in
School Desegregation: Louisiana and Mississippi
(Washington, DC: NEA, November 1970), cited in Fultz, “Displacement of Black Educators,” 14.

8
. Fultz, “Displacement of Black Educators,” 26–28.

9
. Charles Walden,
Southern Cities—Except Louisville—Desegregate Schools: A Report on Public Schools in Louisville, Kentucky and Major Southern Cities, 1968 and 1971
(Louisville: Commission on Human Rights, Commonwealth of Kentucky, May 1972),
http://www.eric.ed.gov/
.

10
. Fultz, “Displacement of Black Educators,” 28.

11
. Mary Margaret Bell, “Ahrens High School,” “Shawnee Junior High,” “Johnston School,” Jefferson County Public Schools History blog,
http://media.jefferson.k12.ky.us/
; “Ahrens, Shawnee Middle, 6 Elementaries May Close,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, January 9, 1979.

12
. “Hearing Is Rally for Threatened Schools,”
Louisville Times
, January 24, 1980.

13
. “County Board Gets Three Alternatives on Middle Schools,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, January 22, 1980.

14
. Leslie Scanlon, “DeRuzzo Details School Cutbacks,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, January 8, 1981.

15
. “Debt Helps Spare Fern Creek High from Closing Plan,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, January 18, 1981.

Chapter 15

1
. Saundra Keyes, “Black Leaders Condemn Ingwerson Plan,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, March 20, 1984.

2
. Leslie Scanlon, “Many Doubt That Central Would Attract East End Students,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, January 21, 1984.

3
. Saundra Keyes, “Endorsing Central as ‘Magnet' School Skirted Real Issue,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, January 16, 1984.

4
. Saundra Keyes, “Citizens' Panel Suggests Compromise on Central,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, January 20, 1984; Saundra Keyes and Leslie Scanlon, “Compromise Offer on Busing Plan Getting Hard Look,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, March 30, 1984.

5
. “Highlights of Ingwerson's Desegregation Plan,”
Louisville Times
, February 14, 1984; Saundra Keyes, “Majority of Ingwerson's Committee Urges Withdrawal of Busing Plan,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, March 24, 1984; Leslie Scanlon and Saundra Keyes, “Anatomy of a Controversy,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, April 15, 1984.

6
. Leslie Scanlon and John C. Long, “Advisory Panel Greets Plan with Wrath, Pleasure,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, February 15, 1984; “Negotiators Praise Busing-Plan Accord,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, March 31, 1984.

7
. Leslie Scanlon, “Ingwerson Denies Plan Is ‘One-Way Busing,' ”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, February 11, 1984.

8
. Saundra Keyes, “Black Leaders Condemn Ingwerson Plan,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, March 20, 1984; Saundra Keyes, “Revised Busing Plan Stirs Fear Central's Enrollment
Will Fall,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, March 15, 1984.

9
. Saundra Keyes and Leslie Scanlon, “Busing Plan Hearing at Central Filled with Emotion,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, March 7, 1984.

10
. Keyes, “Majority of Ingwerson's Committee”; Saundra Keyes, “Black Ministers Plan Petition Drive against Busing Plan,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, February 22, 1984.

11
. Scanlon, “Anatomy of a Controversy.”

12
. Saundra Keyes, “School Board Approves Busing Plan,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, April 5, 1984.

13
. “Desegregation Plan at a Glance,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, April 5, 1984.

14
. Al Cross, “Judge Frees Schools from Busing-Change Review,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, September 26, 1985.

15
. Bob Deitel, “Central High's Enrollment Drop Underscores Problem, Officials Say,”
Louisville Times
, October 19, 1983; Cheryl Devall, “Central's Attendance Is Too Low, Panel Fears,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, September 20, 1984.

16
. Daniel Rubin, “Schools Are Taking Aim at Better Attendance,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, April 11, 1985.

17
. Kit Lively, “Central High School Dealing with Many Changes This Year,”
Louisville Times
, February 8, 1985.

18
. Al Cross, “Plan to Improve Central High School Approved,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, July 16, 1985.

19
. Alan Judd, “Central to Use Its Urban Setting, New Stability, to Sharpen Its Focus,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, August 25, 1984.

20
. Saundra Keyes, “Committee Is Urged to Reconsider ‘Magnet' Plan for Central High,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, January 18, 1984.

21
. Daniel Rubin and Kit Lively, “Revised School Plan Greeted as Both Boon, Bust for West End,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, March 13, 1986.

Chapter 16

1
. Daniel Rubin and Leslie Scanlon, “Both Races Show Gains on Test, but an Analysis Shows an Achievement Gap,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, August 25, 1985.

2
. John R. Logan and Mark Schneider, “Racial Segregation and Racial Change in American Suburbs, 1970–1980,”
American Journal of Sociology
89, no. 4 (1984): 874–88; Kenneth Jackson,
Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States
(New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 393.

3
. Gary Orfield, “Turning Back to Segregation,” in
Dismantling Desegregation: The Quiet Reversal of
Brown v. Board of Education, Gary Orfield and Susan Eaton, eds. (New York: New Press, 1996), 16–19.

4
. Merrill Hartson, “Attorney General Doubts Value of Court-Ordered School Busing,” Associated Press, March 15, 1985.

5
. Susan E. Eaton and Christina Meldrum, “Broken Promises: Resegregation in Norfolk, Virginia,” in Orfield,
Dismantling Desegregation
, 115.

6
. Stephen Engelberg, “Norfolk Busing Case Viewed as Key to Keeping U.S. Schools Integrated,”
New York Times
, February 3, 1985.

7
. Eaton, “Broken Promises.”

8
. Lena Williams, “Controversy Reawakens as Districts End Busing,”
New York Times
, March 25, 1989.

9
. Stuart Taylor Jr., “Court Won't Hear 2 Busing Appeals,”
New York Times
, November 4, 1986; Lena Williams, “Norfolk Can Halt Busing of Pupils,”
New York Times
, February 8, 1986.

10
. David G. Savage, “Rulings Displeased Both Right, Left,”
Los Angeles Times
, July 7, 1986.

11
. Jeffrey Toobin,
The Nine: Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court
(New York: Anchor
Books, 2007), 33–37.

12
. William Rehnquist, “A Random Thought on the Segregation Cases,” memo, 1952, PBS,
The Supreme Court
, “Primary Sources,”
http://www.pbs.org/
; Peter Irons,
Jim Crow's Children: The Broken Promise of the
Brown
Decision
(New York: Penguin Books, 2002), 242.

13
. Sharon LaFraniere, “At Justice, a Shift on School Desegregation; Department Not Attacking Court-Ordered Plans, Despite Recent Case,”
Washington Post
, January 24, 1991; Orfield,
Dismantling Desegregation
, 17.

14
. Associated Press, “Supreme Court Rules on Busing; Districts May Sometimes Choose,”
Seattle Post-Intelligencer
, January 16, 1991.

15
. David Savage, “Cases May Chart Future of School Desegregation,”
Los Angeles Times
, December 17, 1990.

16
. Board of Education of Oklahoma City v. Dowell, 498 US 237, (1991); Anti-Discrimination Center, Dynamic Census Mapping,
http://www.antibiaslaw.com
.

17
.
Oklahoma City
; Linda Greenhouse, “Justices Rule Mandatory Busing May Go, Even if Races Stay Apart,”
New York Times
, January 16, 1991.

18
. Irons,
Jim Crow's Children
, 269.

19
. Robert Anthony Watts, “High Court Takes DeKalb School Case,”
Atlanta Journal and Constitution
, February 19, 1991.

20
. Robert Anthony Watts, “Feds: Racial Balance OK in Schools in DeKalb,”
Atlanta Journal and Constitution
, May 4, 1991.

21
. Robert Anthony Watts, “Stakes High in DeKalb School Desegregation Case,”
Atlanta Journal and Constitution
, October 6, 1991.

22
. Robert Anthony Watts, “Faced with Busing, DeKalb Weighs the Impact of Its Magnet Force,”
Atlanta Journal and Constitution
, May 6, 1991.

23
. Watts, “Stakes High.”

24
. Irons,
Jim Crow's Children
, 271–73.

25
. Ibid., 274; Howard Ball,
A Defiant Life: Thurgood Marshall and the Persistence of Racism in America
(New York: Crown, 1998); “Retirement of Justice Marshall,” C-SPAN Video Library, June 28, 1991,
http://www.c-spanvideo.org/
.

26
. Mary McGrory, “Bush's Enigmatic Nominee,”
Washington Post
, July 9, 1991.

27
. Ibid.

28
. John E. Yang and Sharon LaFraniere, “Bush Picks Thomas for Supreme Court; Appeals Court Judge Served as EEOC Chairman in Reagan Administration,”
Washington Post
, July 2, 1991.

29
. R. W. Apple Jr., “The Thomas Confirmation: Senate Confirms Thomas, 52-48, Ending Week of Bitter Battle,”
New York Times
, October 16, 1991.

30
. Irons,
Jim Crow's Children
, 273–77.

31
. Freeman v. Pitts, 503 US 467 (1992).

32
. Robert Anthony Watts, “High Court Upholds DeKalb in School Desegregation Case,”
Atlanta Journal and Constitution
, March 31, 1992.

33
. Lee Sigelman and Susan Welch,
Black Americans' Views of Racial Inequality: The Dream Deferred
(NY: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 123.

34
. Ibid., 126.

35
. Dennis Kelly, “Less than World-Class; U.S. Pupils Rank Low in Global Test,”
USA Today
, February 6, 1992; Andrew Pollack, “Tokyo Journal: Students Get a Saturday Off: Can They Handle It?”
New York Times
, September 11, 1992.

36
. Brian M. Stecher and Sheila I. Barron,
Quadrennial Milepost Accountability Testing in Kentucky: CSE Technical Report 505
(Los Angeles: Graduate School of Education & Information Studies, University of California and RAND Education, June 1999), 2.

37
. Ibid., 6.

38
. Roger S. Pankratz, “The Legal and Legislative Battles,” in
All Children Can Learn: Lessons
from the Kentucky Reform Experience
, Roger S. Pankratz and Joseph M. Petrosko, eds. (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2000), 11.

39
. Eaton, “Broken Promises,” 130–33.

Chapter 17

1
. Mary Margaret Bell, “Buechel Metropolitan High School,” Jefferson County Public Schools History blog; “Buechel Metropolitan High,” school profile, Jefferson County Public Schools,
http://www.jefferson.k12.ky.us/
.

2
. Bell, “Buechel.”

3
. Mary Margaret Bell, “Liberty High School,” Jefferson County Public Schools History blog.

4
. “ ‘Low-Income Pupils Threaten Education of Others,' Gamboa Says,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, January 23, 1981.

5
. Carman Weathers, “A Choice for African Americans,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, December 17, 1991.

6
. Roger Pankratz, “The Legal and Legislative Battles,” in
All Children Can Learn: Lessons from the Kentucky Reform Experience
, Roger S. Pankratz and Joseph M. Petrosko, eds. (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2000), 23.

7
. Jack Foster, “A New Vision for Public Schooling,” in ibid., 53–58.

8
. Stephen K. Clements, “Linking Curriculum and Instruction to Performance Standards,” in ibid., 109.

9
. Brian M. Stecher and Sheila I. Barron,
Quadrennial Milepost Accountability Testing in Kentucky: CSE Technical Report 505
(Los Angeles: Graduate School of Education & Information Studies, University of California and RAND Education, June 1999), 31.

10
. James Raths, “Challenges in Implementing Kentucky's Primary School Program,” in Pankratz,
All Children Can Learn
, 116–17.

11
. “Jefferson May Rethink School Busing,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, September 21, 1991.

12
. “Busing of Elementary Students May End; County Seeks New Ways to Attain Racial Balance,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, September 24, 1991.

13
. Larry Bleiberg, “School Board Elects Cosby as Chairman,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, April 12, 1988.

14
. Bruce Allar, “The Gospel According to Kevin Cosby,”
Louisville Magazine
, September 1993.

15
. “Boysen Says Jefferson Need Not Stop Busing,”
Louisville Courier-Journal
, September 25, 1991.