Deng Xiaoping and the Transformation of China (154 page)

34.
DXPNP-2
, April 4, 1981.

35.
Ibid., April 14, 1981.

36.
The developments at Baoshan are presented in Lee,
China and Japan
, pp. 30–75.

37.
Personal communication with Sugimoto Takashi, a Chinese-speaking official of Shin Nippon Steel Company who spent several years in China negotiating the steel plant imports with the Chinese, November 2004.

38.
World Steel Association, “World Steel in Figures, 2009,” at
www.worldsteel.org
, accessed April 13, 2011.

39.
Roger Garside,
Coming Alive: China after Mao
(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1981), p. 366.

40.
Susan Greenhalgh,
Just One Child: Science and Policy in Deng's China
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008), p. 229.

41.
DXPNP-2
, March 23, 1979.

42.
SWDXP-2
, p. 173, March 30, 1979; ibid., July 28, 1979; Greenhalgh,
Just One Child
, p. 357n6.

43.
Ling Zhijun and Ma Licheng,
Hu Han: Dangjin Zhongguo di 5 zhong shengyin
(Shouts: Five Kinds of Sounds in Today's China) (Guangzhou: Guangzhou chubanshe, 1999), pp. 72, 78.

44.
Wang Lixin,
Yao chimi zhao Wan Li: Anhui nongcun gaige shilu
(If You Want Rice, Find Wan Li: The True Record of Rural Reform in Anhui) (Beijing: Beijing tushuguan chubanshe, 2000), p. 28.

45.
Wu Xiang et al., “Wan Li tan shiyijie sanzhong quanhui qianhou de nongcun gaige” (Wan Li on Agricultural Reform before and after the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee), in Yu Guangyuan et al.,
Gaibian Zhongguo mingyun de 41 tian: Zhongyang gongzuo huiyi, shiyijie sanzhong quanhui qinli ji
(The 41 Days That Changed the Fate of China: A Record of My Experience at the Central Work Conference of the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Central Committee) (Shenzhen: Haitian chubanshe, 1998), p. 281; Dali L. Yang,
Calamity and Reform in China: State, Rural Society, and Institutional Change since the Great Leap Famine
(Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1996); and William L. Parish, ed.,
Chinese Rural Development: The Great Transformation
(Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1985). For an overall summary of the changes in rural policy, with particular attention to the role of think tanks, see Fewsmith,
Dilemmas of Reform
, pp. 19–56.

46.
Many years later, Wan Li's daughter, Wan Shupeng, still cringed as she talked about the starving people she saw when she went with her father to the poorer rural areas in Anhui. Interview with Wan Shupeng, October 2003; Wu Xiang et al., “Wan Li tan shiyijie sanzhong quanhui qianhou de nongcun gaige,” pp. 281–289. See also Liu Changgen and Ji Fei,
Wan Li zai Anhui
(Wan Li in Anhui) (Hong Kong: Kaiyi chubanshe, 2001); Wan Li,
Wan Li wenxuan
(Selected Works of Wan Li) (Beijing: Renmin chubanshe, 1995); Zhonggong Anhui shengwei dangshi yanjiushi (Research Office of the Anhui Province Party Committee on Party History), ed.,
Anhui nongcun gaige koushushi
(An Oral History of Agricultural Reform in Anhui) (Beijing: Zhonggong dangshi chubanshe, 2006).

47.
Wu Xiang et al., “Wan Li tan shiyijie sanzhong quanhui qianhou de nongcun gaige,” p. 283.

48.
Liu Changgen and Ji Fei,
Wan Li zai Anhui
, pp. 80–82.

49.
Ibid., p. 83.

50.
Ibid., p. 80.

51.
Wu Xiang et al., “Wan Li tan shiyijie sanzhong quanhui qianhou de nongcun gaige,” pp. 284–286.

52.
DXPNP-2
, January 31, February 1, 1978.

53.
Du Xingyuan (who was then Zhao Ziyang's deputy in Sichuan), “Minyi ru chao, lishi jubian” (Waves of Historic Changes in Public Opinion), in Yu Guangyuan et al.,
Gaibian Zhongguo mingyun de 41 tian
, pp. 218–223; Liu Changgen and Ji Fei,
Wan Li zai Anhui
, p. 83.

54.
Renmin ribao
(People's Daily), January 31, 1979, and
China News Analysis
, no. 1149 (March 2, 1979), in Jürgen Domes,
Socialism in the Chinese Countryside: Rural Societal Policies in the People's Republic of China, 1949–1979
(London: C. Hurst, 1980), p. 102.

55.
Liu Changgen and Ji Fei,
Wan Li zai Anhui
, p. 89.

56.
Ling Zhijun and Ma Licheng,
Hu Han
, p. 81.

57.
Domes,
Socialism in the Chinese Countryside
, pp. 81–106.

58.
Liu Changgen and Ji Fei,
Wan Li zai Anhui
, pp. 96–97.

59.
Ibid., pp. 144, 155, 163.

60.
Ibid.

61.
Interview with Yao Jianfu, who attended the meeting, April 2009.

62.
Tong Huaiping and Li Chengguan,
Deng Xiaoping baci nanxun jishi
(Record of Deng Xiaoping's Eight Southern Journeys) (Beijing: Jiefangjun wenyi chubanshe, 2002), p. 281.

63.
Wu Xiang et al., “Wan Li tan shiyijie sanzhong quanhui qianhou de nongcun gaige,” p. 288.

64.
Mao Zedong,
The Question of Agricultural Co-operation
(Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1956).

65.
SWDXP-3
, pp. 314–316;
DXPNP-2
, May 31, 1980.

66.
Interview with Yao Jianfu, a staff member at the center under Du Runsheng, April 2009. The system was sometimes referred to as “the responsibility system”
(chengbao zhi).
A similar system was used in Hungary in the mid-1960s.

67.
Wu Xiang et al., “Wan Li tan shiyijie sanzhong quanhui qianhou de nongcun gaige,” p. 289; Liu Changgen and Ji Fei,
Wan Li zai Anhui
, pp. 178–179; Yang Jisheng,
Deng Xiaoping shidai: Zhongguo gaige kaifang ershinian jishi
(The Age of Deng Xiaoping: A Record of Twenty Years of China's Reform and Opening), 2 vols. (Beijing: Zhongyang bianyi chubanshe, 1998), 1:187–188.

68.
Wu Li,
Zhonghua renmin gongheguo jingjishi, 1949–1999
, 2:838–840.

69.
On the doubling of chemical fertilizer production, see State Statistical Bureau,
Statistical Yearbook of China 1985
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), p. 339. On the 20 percent increase in the procurement price of grain in 1979, see Zhang-Yue Zhou,
Effects of Grain Marketing Systems on Grain Production: A Comparative Study of China and India
(New York: Food Products Press, 1997), p. 33.

70.
Yang Jisheng,
Deng Xiaoping shidai
, 1:188; Parish,
Chinese Rural Development.

71.
See Wu Xiang et al., “Wan Li tan shiyijie sanzhong quanhui qianhou de nongcun gaige,” pp. 287–288.

72.
State Statistical Bureau of the People's Republic of China,
Statistical Yearbook of China, 1987
(Beijing: China Statistical Information & Consultancy, 1988); Ross Garnaut and Ma Guonan, “China's Grain Demand: Recent Experience and Prospects to the Year 2000,” in Ross Garnaut, Guo Shutian, and Ma Guonan, eds.,
The
Third Revolution in the Chinese Countryside
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996), pp. 38–62.

73.
Dong Fureng,
Zhonghua renmin gongheguo jingji shi
, 2:116; Wu Li,
Zhonghua renmin gongheguo jingjishi, 1949–1999
, 2:1506.

74.
Interview with Du Runsheng, a leader in agricultural policies since the 1950s and deputy director of the State Agricultural Commission under Zhao Ziyang, September 2006.

75.
SWDXP-3
, p. 234, June 12, 1987. For a discussion of TVEs, see Naughton,
Growing Out of the Plan
, pp. 137–169; and Wu,
Understanding and Interpreting Chinese Reform
, pp. 118–138.

76.
For accounts of rural industry on the eve of the breakup of the communes, see American Rural Small-Scale Industry Delegation,
Rural Small-Scale Industry in the People's Republic of China
(Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977); Jon Sigurdson, “Rural Industrialization in China,” in U.S. Congress, Joint Economic Committee,
China, a Reassessment of the Economy: A Compendium of Papers Submitted to the Joint Economic Committee, Congress of the United States, July 10, 1975
(Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1975), pp. 411–435. I also had the opportunity to visit many TVEs in Guangdong during 1987–1988 as a guest of the Guangdong Provincial Economic Commission. In 1960 Mao had directed that rural areas should have five small industries: iron and steel, hydroelectric power, farm implements, cement, and chemical fertilizer. But after the retrenchment from the Great Leap Forward very few rural areas had iron and steel factories.

77.
Justin Yifu Lin, Fang Cai, and Zhou Li,
The China Miracle: Development Strategy and Economic Reform
(Hong Kong: Published for the Hong Kong Centre for Economic Research and the International Center for Economic Growth by the Chinese University Press, 1996), p. 190.

78.
Wu Li,
Zhonghua renmin gongheguo jingjishi, 1949–1999
, 2:1520–1521.

79.
Lin, Cai, and Li,
The China Miracle
, p. 189.

80.
Naughton,
Growing Out of the Plan
, p. 90.

81.
See, for example, Charlotte Ikels,
The Return of the God of Wealth: The Transition to a Market Economy in Urban China
(Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1996); Willy Kraus,
Private Business in China: Revival between Ideology and Pragmatism
(Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press, 1991).

82.
Deng Liqun,
Shierge chunqiu
, pp. 558–587.

16. Accelerating Economic Growth and Opening

1.
Barry Naughton,
Growing Out of the Plan: Chinese Economic Reform, 1978–1993
(New York: Cambridge University Press, 1995).

2.
The meeting is recorded as having taken place on August 26. See Sheng Ping, ed.,
Hu Yaobang sixiang nianpu: 1975–1989
(A Chronology of Hu Yaobang's
Thought: 1975–1989), 2 vols. (Hong Kong: Taide shidai chubanshe, 2007), pp. 537–538.

3.
DXPNP-2
, July 17, 1980. Sheng Ping,
Hu Yaobang sixiang nianpu: 1975–1989
, pp. 537–538.

4.
Yizi Chen, “The Decision Process behind the 1986–1989 Political Reforms,” in Carol Hamrin and Suisheng Zhao, eds.,
Decision-Making in Deng's China: Perspectives from Insiders
(Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1995), p. 138.

5.
Zhu Jiamu, Chi Aiping, and Zhao Shigang,
Chen Yun
(Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe, 1999), p. 186.

6.
Deng Liqun,
Xiang Chen Yun tongzhi xuexi zuo jingji gongzuo
(Learn from Comrade Chen Yun to Do Economic Work) (Guangdong: Zhonggong zhongyang dangxiao chubanshe, 1981), p. 93.

7.
Zhongguo renmin gongheguo shigao weiyuanhui (Committee on Historical Manuscripts of the People's Republic of China), ed.,
Deng Liqun guoshi jiangtan lu
(A Record of Deng Liqun's Talks on the History of the Country), 7 vols. (Beijing: n.p., 2000), 7:204–205.

8.
CYNP
, November 4, 1982.

9.
Zhongguo renmin gongheguo shigao weiyuanhui,
Deng Liqun guoshi jiangtan lu
, 7:247.

10.
Interviews with Edwin Lim, August 2008, Ross Garnaut, June 2001, and Laurence Lau, March 2007. Lim, of the World Bank, met Zhao more frequently than any other Westerner. Ross Garnaut, Australian ambassador to Beijing from 1985 to 1988, is a professional economist who worked with Prime Minister Robert Hawke in liberalizing the Australian economy. Laurence Lau had been professor of economics at Stanford and was later vice chancellor at the Chinese University of Hong Kong.

11.
Milton and Rose D. Friedman,
Two Lucky People: Memoirs
(Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1999), p. 543.

12.
Joseph Fewsmith,
Dilemmas of Reform in China: Political Conflict and Economic Debate
(Armonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1994), pp. 34–41.