Read Courtiers: The Secret History of the Georgian Court Online
Authors: Lucy Worsley
Tags: #England, #History, #Royalty
On the king’s sixty-seventh birthday in May, John Hervey complained that ‘the occurrences of all the Birthdays are alike’. There was ‘a great crowd, bad music, trite compliments upon new garments … a ball with execrable dancers’.
94
The king’s reign seemed somehow to be winding down. A few days later, on 3 June, he made his departure from England, intending to spend the summer in Hanover.
95
George I travelled as usual by boat across the Channel and embarked upon the wearisome three-day coach ride towards Hanover. On the evening of 9 June 1727, he had a large and varied range of dishes for supper in the town of Delden, which is situated in the modern Netherlands. One theory had it that the melons he’d eaten at Delden caused the ‘indigestion’ that would play havoc with his body the following day, while an ‘excess of strawberries and oranges’ was proposed as an alternative hazard to an elderly digestive system.
96
Mustapha would have known exactly what George I had eaten, for he was present as usual to look after the king. He was later able to inform the doctors that during the night the king had in fact visited the toilet several times and had not required any of his usual laxatives.
97
The next morning, George I drank a cup of hot chocolate
before continuing his journey. Despite evident discomfort, he was determined to make progress towards Hanover. Mustapha was once again at hand when, later that day, the king collapsed completely. Everyone thought that he’d experienced a ‘violent cholick of which he suffer’d very much’.
98
Rather than a digestive disorder, though, this event in the coach was probably a second and even greater stroke, for ‘his hand fell down as if lifeless, and his tongue hung out of his mouth’.
99
Instead of stopping, though, the king shouted at the coachmen to drive on in the direction of Hanover, the place that he had never really wanted to leave.
When he reached the town of Osnabrück later that day, George I finally admitted that he was unable to continue travelling towards home. He died there at about one in the morning of 11 June 1727. His last words were reported to be
‘C’est fait de moi
[I’m done].’ This final thought was as bald, factual, drab – and yet as honest and unpretentious – as the king himself had been.
100
Melusine was summoned to the deathbed as soon as possible, but arrived too late to see her long-time lover alive. She was distraught and inconsolable, laid low by ‘the signs of extreme grief’.
101
The king’s cadaver was ceremoniously carried from Osnabrück along the rough road to Hanover. His funeral procession entered the town late at night, with servants on horseback carrying lighted flambeaux. Even Hanover’s traditionally unemotional and phlegmatic townsfolk were moved to great grief at the sight. Despite the late hour, ‘there was a great concourse of people from all parts to see, with tears in their eyes, this last honour paid to their late sovereign, once the joy and delight of his subjects’.
102
The natives of Hanover mourned their born ruler much more than did his adopted British subjects.
George I’s corpse was eventually taken on to Herrenhausen, and lies today in the Hanoverian royal mausoleum, cloaked by oaks and situated on a rise looking out over his beloved gardens.
*
Back in London, the wigs and silver and crockery for the king’s
daily use were divided up among the former servants of his bedchamber.
103
Now Prince George Augustus would become King George II, and Caroline his queen. The palaces of Kensington and St James’s were theirs at last, and the battle between father and son was finally won. Yet there must have been a bleak streak in Prince George Augustus’s victory: any lingering hope of a tender reconciliation between himself and his father was now extinguished.
With the king’s death, Peter Wentworth found himself once again changing employer. He remained at Kensington Palace as an equerry in Queen Caroline’s household. This was his fourth royal job, as he’d served a prince, another queen and a king already.
Luckily, Wentworth had admired his new mistress ever since their very first encounter. It had taken place in the drawing room soon after Princess Caroline’s arrival in England. Thanks to a kindly act of the Lord Chamberlain, Wentworth was beckoned through the crowd ‘to kiss her Highness’s hand; she repeated my name aloud and smilingly gave me her hand’.
104
Perhaps, like another lowly courtier introduced to Caroline, Wentworth found her compliments so ‘very gracious that they confounded’ him, and ‘blunder’d out a great deal of nonsense’ in reply.
105
And now Peter Wentworth, like Peter the Wild Boy, found himself entering the special cadre of those whom Caroline cherished. She worked a kind of magic upon her favourite servants, drawing them into the circle of her charm, allowing them to see both her abundant affection for them and her private pain.
While many people lined up to puff and praise the new queen, Caroline was not universally liked outside her household. She presented such a graceful, gracious front to the world that some people distrusted it. Unlike her husband, who could not hide his feelings and would ‘kick whilst he obliged’, Caroline ‘would stroke while she hated’.
106
But her bright and easy social manner disguised a certain vulnerability. She was constantly begged for one favour or another, and had to defend herself against the draining strain of making constant refusals. Viscountess Falmouth, for
example, was thrown into a frenzy by the news that Caroline might ‘add some new ladies’ to her household, and begged for a personal appointment to put her case for a position. ‘I own to you’, she wrote in desperate hope, ‘I have been in such anxiety of mind, that I have not slept one wink all night.’
107
Caroline may have been devious, guilty of empty smiles and empty words, but she needed to protect her vitality from these exhausting applications for help. When one lady arrived to beg for a rebel’s life, Caroline ‘could not bear to see her, but hastened out of ye drawing room into her own rooms and cried’.
108
It was this, her softer side, which really made people fall in love with the queen. ‘I am so charmed with her good nature and good qualities’, wrote one devoted lady-in-waiting, ‘that I shall never think I can do enough to please her.’
109
And now, as Peter Wentworth’s and Caroline’s paths converged, new hope was in sight for the unfortunate equerry. Ever since Caroline had ‘smilingly’ given him her hand, he had liked the princess, and in her service he would become her slave. He aspired to be one of the chosen few with whom Caroline would relax and become intimate. And, as a result, he resolved ‘never to be concern’d in liquor again’.
110
Queen Caroline offered Wentworth no promotion and no extra money. But she gave him something much more valuable: sympathy and attention. She told Wentworth that she didn’t believe the occasional and perilous ‘idle stories’ of his being drunk on duty, because, as he said, ‘she sees me every day sober’.
Her kind words soothed his spirit: ‘Her Majesty has told me she knows none of my misfortunes has been my fault … She has said she pities me from her soul, & that I deserve a better fortune.’
111
The neglected equerry had entered a warm new world.
1
. BL Add MS 22227, f. 27r, Peter Wentworth to his brother (1 November 1718).
2
. BL Add MS 31144, f. 488r, Peter Wentworth to his brother (30 July 1714).
3
. BL Add MS 22227, f. 101, Peter Wentworth to his brother (22 October 1729).
4
.
Ibid.
, f. 28 (1 November 1718).
5
.
London Daily Post and General Advertiser
, issue 493 (31 May 1736).
6
. BL Add MS 31144, f. 570r, Peter Wentworth to his brother (21 September 1714).
7
.
Ibid.
, f. 480r, Peter Wentworth to his brother (3 August 1714).
8
.
Ibid.
, f. 493r, Peter Wentworth to his brother (6 August 1714).
9
. Halsband (1965–7), Vol. 1, pp. 226–9.
10
. Sherburn (1956), Vol. 2, p. 395.
11
. John Gay,
Poems
(1720) pp. 279, 276.
12
. Sherburn (1956), Vol. 1, p. 379, Alexander Pope to Martha Blount (December 1716).
13
.
Ibid.
, p. 512, Pope to Martha and Teresa Blount (17 September 1718).
14
. BL Add MS 22626, ff. 60r-v, Henrietta Howard to John Gay (n.d.).
15
. Halsband (1965–7), Vol. 1, pp. 226–9.
16
. BL Add MS 31144, f. 532r, Peter Wentworth to his brother (2 November 1714).
17
. Smith (1914), p. 135, Thomas Burnet to George Duckett (6 September 1717).
18
.
Ibid.
, p. 144, Thomas Burnet to George Duckett (5 March 1718).
19
.
Ibid.
, p. 170, Thomas Burnet to George Duckett (2 May 1719).
20
. Williams (1963–5), Vol. 3, p. 294, Swift to Alexander Pope (16 July 1728).
21
. Thomas Brown,
Amusements Serious and Comical, Calculated for the Meridian of
London
(London, 1700), p. 15.
22
. J. J. Cartwright (Ed.),
The Wentworth Papers 1705–1739
, selected from the private
and family correspondence of Thomas Wentworth, Lord Raby, created in 1711
Earl of
Strafford
(London, 1883), p. 3.
23
. BL Add MS 31144, f.516v, Peter Wentworth to his brother (1 October 1714).
24
. BL Add MS 22227, f. 31r, Peter Wentworth to his brother (16 November 1718).
25
. Gaunt and Knight (1988–9), Vol. 2, Chap. 4, p. 489
26
. Saussure (1902), pp. 39–48.
27
. Cowper (1864), p. 140.
28
.
Ibid.
, p. 38.
29
. Thomson (1847), Vol. 2, p. 287.
30
. RA GEO/ADD28/3, GEO/ADD28/12, GEO/ADD28/18, GEO/ADD28/20, transcripts by Mrs Clayton of letters from Caroline to Mrs Clayton (n.d.).
31
. Saussure (1902), pp. 39–48; Hervey (1931), Vol. 1, p. 275.
32
. Lewis (1937–83), Vol. 37, p. 341 (23 June 1752).
33
. Hervey (1931), Vol. 1, pp. 275–6.
34
. Thomson (1847), Vol. 1, p. 146 (22 April 1728).
35
. Saussure (1902), pp. 39–48.
36
. Walpole,
Reminiscences
(1818 edn), p. 101.
37
. Lynn Hunt,
The Family Romance of the French Revolution
(London, 1992).
38
. Duchess of Orléans to the Raugravine Louise, St Cloud (30 June 1718), quoted in Wilkins (1901), Vol. 1, p. 317.
39
. BL Egerton MS 1710, f. 18r, Princess Amalie to the Countess of Portland (1733).
40
. Hertfordshire Archives, MS DE/P/F134, f. 26r.
41
. BL Egerton MS 1710, f. 1r, Princess Amalie to the Countess of Portland (August 1728).
42
. RA GEO/MAIN/53038, p. 52.
43
. Quoted in Alice Drayton Greenwood,
Lives of the Hanoverian Queens of
England
(London, 1909), Vol. 1, p. 357 (N.B. Greenwood’s reference, BL MS Egerton MS 1700, is incorrect).
44
. Hertfordshire Archives, Panshanger MS, Letterbooks, Vol. 5, pp. 24–5, Mrs Allanson to Lady Cowper (29 May 1718), quoted in Beattie (1967), p. 274.
45
. Wright and Tinling (1958), p. 127.
46
. BL Add MS 22629, f. 117.
47
.
Ibid.
, ff. 117–8.
48
. Hervey (1931), Vol. 2, p. 406.
49
. Paymasters’ Accounts for 1717, 1718, 1721 and 1723, quoted by Colvin (1976), p. 201.
50
. HMC 12th Report, appendix, Part III,
Cowper
, pp. 115–6, Madame de Kielmensegge to Vice Chamberlain Coke (15 December 1716); Gaunt and Knight (1988–9), Vol. 2, p. 482; Count de Broglie to the King of France (10 July 1724), quoted in Wilkins (1901), Vol. 1, p. 376.
51
. TNA LS 13/115 f. 127 (17 June 1724).
52
. Count de Broglie to the King of France (10 July 1724), quoted in Wilkins (1901), Vol. 1, p. 376.
53
. Isobel Grundy,
Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, Comet of the Enlightenment
(Oxford, 1999), p. 191.
54
. HMC
Polwarth
, Vol. 1, p. 176 (7 February 1717).
55
. HMC
Calendar of the Manuscripts of the Marquis of Bath
, Vol. 1 (London, 1904), p. 201, Shrewsbury to Robert Harley (25 April 1711).
56
. BL Add MS 63764, f. 5r, Henry Savile to Lord Preston (London, 10 May 1682).
57
. Bucholz (2000), pp. 209–10.
58
. Jonathan Swift,
Directions to Servants
(London, 1745) p. 88.
59
. The Hon. Peter Wentworth to the Earl of Strafford (10 August 1730), quoted in Wilkins (1901), Vol. 2, pp. 109–10.
60
. Hervey (1931), Vol. 2, p. 345.
61
. Stanhope (1774), Vol. 2, p. 214.
62
. SRO 941/47/4, p. 337, John Hervey to Ste Fox (30 December 1731).
63
. Anon.,
It cannot Rain
(1726), p. 7.
64
. Stanhope (1774), Vol. 1, pp. 89–90.
65
. Quoted in Neil McKendrick, John Brewer and J. H. Plumb,
The Birth of a
Consumer Society: The Commercialization of Eighteenth-Century England
(London, 1982), p. 59.
66
. Fielding (1732), p. 16.
67
. BL Add MS 22626, f. 116r, Thomas Allen to Henrietta Howard (17 December 1766).
68
. TNA LC 5/158, p. 151 (2 May 1723).
69
. Lord Berkeley of Stratton, quoted in Aston (2008), p. 185.
70
. BL Add MS 31144, f. 516v, Peter Wentworth to his brother (1 October 1714).
71
. TNA LS 13/173, p. 106, ‘Order for keeping the Court and Parke &c cleare from Beggars’ (2 May 1687).
72
. HMC
Egmont
(1923), Vol. 2, p. 61 (wedding of Princess Anne to William of Orange).
73
. Peter Wentworth to Lord Strafford (25 July 1729), quoted in Wilkins (1901), Vol. 2, pp. 123–4.
74
. Thomson (1847), Vol. 2, pp. 39–40.
75
. Beattie (1967), pp. 78–9.
76
. TNA LS 13/115, f. 126v (2 June 1724).
77
. The Earl of March,
A Duke and his Friends. The Life and Letters of the Second
Duke of Richmond
(London, 1911), Vol. 1, p. 89; TNA LS 13/115, f. 126v (2 June 1724); references kindly provided by Esther Godfrey.
78
. TNA LS 13/115, f. 126v (3 June 1724); March (1911), Vol. 1, p. 89.
79
.
Ibid.
, f. 126v (3 June 1724).
80
.
Ibid.
; March (1911), Vol. 1, p. 89.
81
. HMC 12th Report, appendix, Part III,
Cowper
(1889), p. 117.
82
. www.oldbaileyonline.org, ‘The proceedings of the Old Bailey’, ref. t17310428-28
83
.
Ibid
., ref. t17311208-58.
84
. Gaunt and Knight (1988–9), Vol. 2, p. 512; TNA LS 13/84 (unpaginated); ‘The proceedings of the Old Bailey’, ref. t17361208-42.
85
. Anon.,
Lewis Maximilian Mahomet
(1727), p. 9.
86
. Caudle (2004).
87
. Anon.,
Lewis Maximilian Mahomet
(1727), pp. 10, 13.
88
. Hanover Archives, Cal. Br. 15 Nr. 2684, George II to Geheime Räte, St James’s, 28/1.8/2/1729, information kindly provided by Andrew Thompson.
89
. From the king’s private accounts, quoted by Caudle (2004).
90
. J. D. Griffith Davies,
A King in Toils
(London, 1938), p. 80.
91
. Wilkins (1901), Vol. 1, p. 380.
92
. Brooke (1985), Vol. 3, p. 121.
93
. HMC, 12th Report, appendix III,
Manuscripts of the Coke Family of Melbourne
Hall, Derbyshire, belonging to the Earl Cowper
(London, 1898), p. 187.
94
. SRO 941/47/4, p. 45, John Hervey to Ste Fox (30 May 1727).
95
. Wilkins (1901), Vol. 1, p. 381.
96
. Coxe (1798b), Vol. 1, p. 266; Grieser (1956), p. 147.
97
. Grieser (1956), p. 148.
98
. HMC
Polwarth,
Vol. 5, p. 5, Arthur Villette to the Earl of Marchmont (June 1727).
99
. Coxe (1798b), Vol. 1, p. 266.
100
.
The Historical Register
, quoted in C. Gibbs, ‘George I (1660–1727)’,
Oxford
Dictionary of National Biography
(Oxford, 2004).
101
. Coxe (1798b), Vol. 1, pp. 265–6.
102
. Quoted in Marlow (1973), p. 212.
103
. Hanover Archives, Cal. Br. 15 Nr. 2684, George II to Geheime Räte, St James’s, 28/1.8/2/1729, information kindly provided by Andrew Thompson.
104
. BL Add MS 31144, f. 527v, Peter Wentworth to his brother (15 October 1714).
105
. BL Add MS 47032, f. 346, Daniel Dering to Lord Egmont (June 1730).