Citizen Emperor (178 page)
Authors: Philip Dwyer
| 10 . | Masson, Napoléon et sa famille , vi. pp. 83–4. |
| 11 . | Corr. xxi. n. 17111 (7 November 1810). |
| 12 . | Although only those who were born in France or of a French father were considered French. See Patrick Weil, Qu’est-ce qu’un Français?: histoire de la nationalité française depuis la Révolution (Paris, 2002), pp. 26–42. There was, therefore, no automatic French citizenship for members of the Empire. |
| 13 . | Harold T. Parker, ‘Why Did Napoleon Invade Russia? A Study in Motivation and the Interrelations of Personality and Social Structure’, Journal of Military History , 54 (1990), 142. |
| 14 . | Scott, Birth of a Great Power System , 332; Woolf, Napoleon’s Integration of Europe , p. 27. Historians once believed that a federation was Napoleon’s original intention, hence the creation of satellite kingdoms. For example, Oscar Browning, ‘Hugh Elliot at Naples, 1803–1806’, English Historical Review , 4 (1889), 218, believed that Napoleon’s intention was to form a ‘confederation of the Latin races’ to oppose the northern European powers. It was a notion first conceived by Rutger Jan Schimmelpennick, head of the Dutch government, in February 1806 (Annie Jourdan, ‘La Hollande en tant qu’“objet de désir” et le roi Louis, fondateur d’une monarchie nationale’, in Jourdan (ed.), Louis Bonaparte , pp. 10 and 435 n. 7). |
| 15 . | Marie-Louise Biver, ‘Rome, second capitale de l’Empire’, Revue de l’Institut Napoléon , 109 (1968), 145–54. |
| 16 . | On this point see Hans H. Kohn, The Prelude to Nation-States : The French and German Experience, 1789–1815 (Princeton, 1967), pp. 102–5. |
| 17 . | Labaume, Relation circonstanciée , p. 13. |
| 18 . | Vandal, Napoléon et Alexandre , i. pp. 1–57. The phrase is cited in Scott, Birth of a Great Power System , p. 346. |
| 19 . | Tolstoy to Rumiantsev (7/19 November 1807), in Sbornik , lxxxix. pp. 225–26. |
| 20 . | Sorel, L’Europe et la Révolution française , vii. pp. 306–7. |
| 21 . | Martin, Romantics, Reformers, Reactionaries , p. 49; Grimsted, The Foreign Ministers of Alexander I , pp. 151–82. |
| 22 . | On the Polish question during this period see Abel Mansuy, Jérôme Napoléon et la Pologne en 1812 (Paris, 1931), pp. 247–93; Zawadzki, ‘Russia and the Polish Question’, 34–5; Adams, Napoleon and Russia , pp. 232–6, 253–7. |
| 23 . | Caulaincourt to Champagny, in Grand Duc Nicolaï Mikhaïlovitch (ed.), Les relations de la Russie et de la France d’après les rapports des ambassadeurs d’Alexandre et de Napoléon 1808–1812 , 6 vols (St Petersburg, 1905–8), iv. n. 410 (26 February 1810). |
| 24 . | Corr. xx. n. 16181 (1 July 1810). |
| 25 . | Adams, Napoleon and Russia , pp. 235, 236. |
| 26 . | For the following see Léonce Pingaud, Bernadotte, Napoléon et les Bourbons (1797–1844) (Paris, 1901), pp. 93–110; Favier, Bernadotte , pp. 176–83; Cherrier, ‘Un itinéraire politique original’, 87–90; Jean-François Berdah, ‘The Triumph of Neutrality: Bernadotte and European Geopolitics (1810–1844)’, Nordic Historical Review/Revue d’Histoire Nordique , 6–7 (2008), esp. 32–9. |
| 27 . | Marzagalli, Les boulevards de la fraude , pp. 169–70. |
| 28 . | Lentz, Nouvelle histoire du Premier Empire , ii. p. 218. |
| 29 . | Kraehe, Metternich’s German Policy , i. pp. 128–30; Sergei Nikolaivich Iskjul’, ‘Rußland und die Oldenburger Krise 1810–11’, Oldenburger Jahrbuch , 85 (1985), 89–110. |
| 30 . | Tatistcheff, Alexandre Ier et Napoléon , pp. 137–8; Rey, Alexandre Ier , pp. 266–8. |
| 31 . | Adams, Napoleon and Russia , pp. 258–9. |
| 32 . | Chernysheva to Alexander (21 April 1811), in Sbornik , xxi. p. 62. |
| 33 . | Friedrich Timme, ‘Die geheime Mission des Flügeladjutanten von Wrangel (1812)’, Forschungen zur brandenburgischen und preußischen Geschichte , 21 (1908), 199–213; Hans A. Schmitt, ‘1812: Stein, Alexander I and the Crusade against Napoleon’, Journal of Modern History , 31 (1959), 327. |
| 34 . | Rey, Alexandre Ier , pp. 269, 271. He abandoned this position in the spring of 1811. |
| 35 . | Martin, Romantics, Reformers, Reactionaries , p. 46. |
| 36 . | Martin, Romantics, Reformers, Reactionaries , pp. 42–3. |
| 37 . | Corr. xxi. n. 17514 (24 March 1811). |
| 38 . | Shuvalov to Alexander (15 May 1811), in Sbornik , xxi. pp. 414, 416. |
| 39 . | Chernysheva to Alexander (1810, and 17 June 1811), in Sbornik , xxi. pp. 21, 72. |
| 40 . | Caulaincourt, Memoirs , i. pp. 153–4. |
| 41 . | Corr. xxii. n. 17579 (6 April 1811). |
| 42 . | Cited in Zamoyski, 1812 , p. 77. |
| 43 . | Metternich, Mémoires , ii. p. 499. |
| 44 . | Caulaincourt, Memoirs , i. pp. 96–115. |
| 45 . | Vandal, Napoléon et Alexandre , iii. pp. 163–91. |
| 46 . | Including Cambacérès, Mémoires inédites , ii. pp. 392–3. It was perhaps the first and only time that the arch-chancellor proffered an opinion on military matters. Zamoyski, 1812 , p. 92; Adams, Napoleon and Russia , p. 267. |
| 47 . | Broglie, Souvenirs , i. pp. 246–7; Mansel, Court of France , p. 86; Kale, French Salons , p. 94. |
| 48 . | Fantin des Odoards, Journal , p. 293. |
| 49 . | Shuvalov to Alexander (15 May 1811), in Sbornik , xxi. p. 418. |
| 50 . | Caulaincourt, Memoirs , i. p. 119. |
| 51 . | Beugnot, Mémoires , i. p. 486. |
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