Citizen Emperor (139 page)

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Authors: Philip Dwyer

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47
.
Gaubert,
Conspirateurs au temps de Napoléon
, pp. 127–36; Edouard Guillon,
Les complots militaires sous le Consulat et l’Empire: d’après les documents inédits des archives
(Paris, 1894), pp. 16–25; Dunbar Plunket Barton,
Bernadotte and Napoleon, 1763–1810
(London, 1921), pp. 47–52; Gérard Minart,
Les opposants à Napoléon: l’élimination des royalistes et des républicains (1800–1815)
(Paris, 2003), pp. 109–13; Boscher,
Histoire de la repression
, pp. 143–7.
48
.
Chaptal,
Mes souvenirs
, p. 250; Villefosse and Bouissounouse,
L’opposition à Napoléon
, pp. 224–5.
49
.
See the police reports in AN F7 3089, 27 July, 16 November, 14 December 1804 and 18 January 1805; Petiteau,
Les Français et l’Empire
, pp. 111–12.
50
.
Gaubert,
Conspirateurs au temps de Napoléon
, pp. 142–3.
51
.
Guillon,
Les complots militaires sous le Consulat et l’Empire
, p. 30.
52
.
AN F7 6315, dossier 6659: Prefect of the Department of Seine et Oise to Fouché, 2 thermidor an X (20 July 1802); Mounier to Fouché, prairial an X (May 1802); report 13 prairial an X (2 June 1802); Gilbert-Augustin Thierry,
Conspirateurs et gens de police: le complot des libelles (1802)
(Paris, 1903); Villefosse and Bouissounouse,
L’opposition à Napoléon
, pp. 225–7; Guillon,
Les complots militaires sous le Consulat et l’Empire
, pp. 26–43; Barton,
Bernadotte and Napoleon
, pp. 59–65; Léonce Pingaud,
Bernadotte et Napoléon (1797–1814)
(Paris, 1933), pp. 68–70; T. T. Höjer,
Bernadotte, maréchal de France
, trans. from the Swedish by Lucien Maury, 2 vols (Paris, 1943), pp. 220–6; Boscher,
Histoire de la repression
, pp. 147–51; Franck Favier,
Bernadotte, un maréchal d’Empire sur le trône de Suède
(Paris, 2010), pp. 112–19.
53
.
AN F7 6315, dossier 6659, for their files.
54
.
Höjer,
Bernadotte
, i. p. 225; Emmanuel Cherrier, ‘Un itinéraire politique original, l’ascension de Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte’,
Nordic Historical Review/Revue d’Histoire Nordique
, 5 (2007), 85–7.
55
.
Miot de Mélito,
Mémoires
, ii. pp. 41–2.
56
.
Arthur-Léon Imbert de Saint-Amand,
Les femmes des Tuileries: la femme du Premier consul
(Paris, 1884), pp. 128–34; Kale, ‘Women, Salons, and the State’, 62.
57
.
On court life under Louis XIV see Burke,
The Fabrication of Louis XIV
, pp. 87, 89, 90–1; T. C. W. Blanning,
The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old Regime Europe, 1660–1789
(Oxford, 2002), pp. 7, 29–31, 39–41.
58
.
Louis-Sébastien Mercier,
Tableau de Paris
, 12 vols (Amsterdam, 1788), ix. ch. dcxci, p. 78.
59
.
See Dwyer,
Napoleon: The Path to Power
, pp. 296–302. Comte Emmanuel de Las Cases,
Le Mémorial de Sainte-Hélène
, ed. and annotated by Marcel Dunan, 2 vols (Paris, 1983), ii. p. 305; Lentz,
Grand Consulat
, p. 373.
60
.
Eléonore-Adèle d’Osmond, comtesse de Boigne,
Récits d’une tante: mémoires de la comtesse de Boigne
, 4 vols (Paris, 1907–8), i. pp. 395–6; Martin-Fugier,
La vie élégante ou La formation du Tout-Paris
, p. 44; Pierre Branda,
Napoléon et ses hommes: la Maison de l’Empereur, 1804–1815
(Paris, 2011), pp. 322–6. Later, all imperial palaces were reorganized to make access to his person more difficult (Mansel,
The Eagle in Splendour
, pp. 75–8).
61
.
Blagdon,
Paris As It Was and As It Is
, i. p. 328.
62
.
Alméras,
La Vie parisienne sous le Consulat et l’Empire
, pp. 285–9; Charles-Otto Zieseniss,
Napoléon et la cour impériale
(Paris, 1980), pp. 74–5; Kale,
French Salons
, p. 83; Branda,
Napoléon et ses hommes
, pp. 307–26.
63
.
See Kale,
French Salons
, pp. 83–4.
64
.
AN F7 3831, 3 vendémiaire an XI (25 September 1802); Aulard,
Paris sous le Consulat
, iii. pp. 271–2.
65
.
Rémusat,
Mémoires
, iii. pp. 233–4, 237, 260.
66
.
Michael Rowe,
From Reich to State: The Rhineland in the Revolutionary Age, 1780–1830
(Cambridge, 2003), p. 115. On the importance of dress and the uniform, particularly at court, see Mansel,
Dressed to Rule
, esp. pp. 78–88.
67
.
Boudon, ‘L’incarnation de l’état de Brumaire’, p. 341; Mansel,
Dressed to Rule
, p. 80.
68
.
Remacle,
Relations secrètes
, p. 230 (15 January 1803).
69
.
Rémusat,
Mémoires
, i. pp. 174–5; Raoul Brunon, ‘Uniforms in the Napoleonic Era’, in Katell le Bourhis (ed.),
The Age of Napoleon: Costume from Revolution to Empire, 1789–1815
(New York, 1989), pp. 180–1. It was a practice that could also be found in, for example, the British army. See Myerly,
British Military Spectacle
, pp. 40–1.
70
.
Alan Forrest, ‘The Napoleonic Armies and their World’,
Revista Napoleonica
, 1–2 (2000), 280.
71
.
Cited in Madeleine Delpierre, ‘Une révolution, en trois temps’, in
Modes et révolutions, 1780–1804
(Paris, 1989), pp. 11–40; Margaret Waller, ‘The Emperor’s New Clothes: Display, Cover-Up and Exposure in Modern Masculinity’, in Timothy Reeser and Lewis Seifert (eds),
Entre hommes: French and Francophone Masculinities in Literature and Culture
(Newark, 2008), pp. 115–42.
72
.
Marsha and Linda Frey, ‘“The Reign of the Charlatans is Over”: The French Revolutionary Attack on Diplomatic Practice’,
Journal of Modern History,
65 (1993), 706–44.
73
.
Etiquette du palais imperial
(Paris, 1806).
74
.
A
lever
took place when the sovereign left his apartments and made his appearance in public; only certain people could attend. The
coucher
was the moment when the sovereign retired to his apartments.
75
.
Waller, ‘The Emperor’s New Clothes’, pp. 115–42.
76
.
Philippe Séguy, ‘Costume in the Age of Napoleon’, in le Bourhis (ed.),
The Age of Napoleon
, pp. 84, 110–12. On military uniforms see Brunon, ‘Uniforms in the Napoleonic Era’, pp. 179–201; and Philip Mansel, ‘Monarchy, Uniform, and the Rise of the
Frac
, 1760–1830’,
Past & Present
, 96 (1982), 103–32.
77
.
Mansel,
Dressed to Rule
, pp. 81–2.
78
.
Figures varied enormously over time, but there were around 1,200 people attached to Louis XIV’s household in 1689 and around 2,000 under Louis XVI. See Jeroen Duindam,
Vienna and
Versailles: The Courts of Europe’s Major Dynastic Rivals, ca. 1550–1780
(Cambridge, 2003), pp. 54–5.
79
.
Mansel,
The Eagle in Splendour
, pp. 27, 34; Philip Mansel,
The Court of France, 1789–1830
(Cambridge, 1988), p. 188; Kale,
French Salons
, pp. 92–4; Branda,
Napoléon et ses hommes
, pp. 61–2. For an interesting comparative study on the courts of Paris, Vienna and Berlin see, Jeroen Duindam, ‘The Dynastic Court in an Age of Change: Frederick II Seenfrom the Perspective of Habsburg and Bourbon Court Life’, in Jürgen Luh and Michael Kaiser (eds),
Friedrich300 – Colloquien, Friedrich der Große und der Hof, 2009
, www.perspectivia.net/content/publikationen/friedrich300–colloquien/friedrich-hof/Duindam_Court?set_language=tr.

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