Citizen Emperor (136 page)
Authors: Philip Dwyer
| 55 . | McManners, The French Revolution and the Church , p. 143. |
| 56 . | François-Désiré Mathieu, Le Concordat de 1801: ses origines, son histoire (Paris, 1903), p. 223. |
| 57 . | According to Adolphe Thiers, Histoire du Consulat et de l’Empire , 20 vols (Paris, 1845–62), iii. pp. 255–6. Ercole Consalvi, Mémoires du cardinal Consalvi , 2 vols (Paris, 1866), i. p. 351, relates a different version of events. See also John Martin Robinson, Cardinal Consalvi, 1757–1824 (London, 1987), pp. 66–79. |
| 58 . | Mathieu, Le Concordat de 1801 , p. 256. |
| 59 . | Boudon, ‘Les fondements religieux du pouvoir impérial’, p. 205. |
| 60 . | Corr. vii. n. 5642 (20 July 1801). |
| 61 . | They were compiled by the newly appointed director of religious affairs, Jean-Etienne-Marie Portalis. See Jean-Luc A. Chartier, Portalis, le père du Code civil (Paris, 2004), pp. 251–7. Roberts, ‘Napoleon, the Concordat of 1801’, pp. 45–6, explains that the term ‘Organic Articles’ is inaccurate and describes them as ‘administrative regulations’. |
| 62 . | Ellis, ‘Religion According to Napoleon’, p. 244. |
| 63 . | Germaine de Staël, Considérations sur les principaux événements de la Révolution française , 2 vols (Paris, 1818), ii. pp. 275–6; Cabanis, Le sacre de Napoléon , p. 90. |
| 64 . | Bernard Plongeron, ‘De Napoléon à Metternich: une modernité en état de blocus’, in Jean-Marie Mayeur, Charles and Luce Pietri, Andre Vauchez and Marc Venard (eds), Histoire du christianisme: des origines à nos jours , 14 vols (Paris, 1997), x. pp. 635–50, highlights the problems that immediately occurred. |
| 65 . | On this see Bernard Plongeron, ‘Face au Concordat (1801), résistances des évêques anciens constitutionnels’, Annales historiques de la Révolution française , 337 (2004), 85–115. |
| 66 . | Arno Mayer, The Furies: Violence and Terror in the French and Russian Revolutions (Princeton, 2000), p. 572. |
| 67 . | Martin S. Staum, ‘The Class of Moral and Political Sciences, 1795–1803’, French Historical Studies , 11:3 (1980), 372 n. 3. See also Jean-Luc Chappey, ‘Les Idéologues et l’Empire: étude des transformations entre savoirs et pouvoir (1799–1815)’, in Antonino De Francesco (ed.), Da Brumaio ai cento giorni: cultura di governo e dissenso politico nell’Europa di Bonaparte (Milan, 2007), pp. 211–27. |
| 68 . | Norman Ravitch, ‘Liberalism, Catholicism, and the Abbé Grégoire’, Church History , 36:4 (1967), 419–39; Alyssa Goldstein Sepinwall, The Abbé Grégoire and the French Revolution: The Making of Modern Universalism (Berkeley, 2005), pp. 160–2. |
| 69 . | Aulard, Paris sous le Consulat , ii. pp. 614–15, 642. |
| 70 . | Gazette de France , 16 frimaire an X (7 December 1801). On this episode, Collins, Napoleon and his Parliaments , pp. 57–8. |
| 71 . | Girardin, Mémoires, journal et souvenirs , i. p. 233. |
| 72 . | AN F7 3830, rapport de la préfecture de police, 16 frimaire an X (7 December 1801). |
| 73 . | Charles Jean Tristan de Montholon, Récits de la captivité de l’empereur Napoléon à Sainte-Hélène , 2 vols (Paris, 1847), i. p. 401. |
| 74 . | Cambacérès presented three projects for a Civil Code, two to the Convention, in 1793 and in 1794, and again in 1796 to the Directory. The 1796 draft would serve as the core to Bonaparte’s Code. Jean-Louis Halperin, ‘Le codificateur au travail, Cambacérès et ses sources’, in Laurence Chatel de Brancion (ed.), Cambacérès, fondateur de la justice moderne (Saint-Rémy-en-l’Eau, 2001), pp. 154–65, questions the extent of Cambacérès’ involvement. |
| 75 . | René Savatier, L’art de faire les lois: Bonaparte et le Code civil (Paris, 1927); and Pierre Villeneuve de Janti, Bonaparte et le Code civil (Paris, 1934); Jean Carbonnier, ‘Le Code Civil’, in Pierre Nora (ed.), Les lieux de mémoire , 3 vols (Paris, 1984–92), ii. p. 297; Eckhard Maria Theewen, Napoléons Anteil am Code civil (Berlin, 1991). |
| 76 . | Jean-Louis Halpérin, L’impossible code civil (Paris, 1992), pp. 263–86. |
| 77 . | The reported number of sessions over which Bonaparte presided vary from fifty-two to fifty-five (Jean-Pierre Royer, ‘Napoléon et l’élaboration du Code civil’, in Françoise Bastien-Rabner and Jean-Yves Coppolani (eds), Napoléon et le Code civil (Ajaccio, 2009), p. 75 n. 4). |
| 78 . | Bertrand, Cahiers de Sainte-Hélène , i. p. 250. |
| 79 . | Broglie, Souvenirs , i. pp. 65–7. |
| 80 . | The preponderant role in the preparation of the Code given to Bonaparte in older works like Amédée Madelin, Le premier Consul législateur, étude sur la part que prit Napoléon aux travaux préparatoires du code (Paris, 1865), and Honoré Pérouse, Napoléon Ier et les lois civiles du consulat et de l’empire (Paris, 1866), written during the reign of Napoleon III, is an exaggeration, one that is repeated in more recent works such as Frank McLynn, Napoleon: A Biography (London, 1997), pp. 254–7, and Englund, Napoleon , pp. 189–90. |
| 81 . | Jean-Guillaume Locré, Esprit du Code Napoléon, tiré de la discussion, ou Conférence . . . du projet de Code civil, des observations des tribunaux, des procès-verbaux du Conseil d’Etat, des observations du Tribunat, des exposés de motifs , 5 vols (Paris, 1805–7); and Pierre-Antoine Fenet, Recueil complet des travaux préparatoires du Code civil , 15 vols (Paris, 1836). |
| 82 . | Halpérin, L’impossible code civil , pp. 266–9. |
| 83 . | Jean-Etienne-Marie Portalis, Discours préliminaire au premier projet de Code civil (Bordeaux, 1999), p. 15; Chartier, Portalis , pp. 165–77. According to Jordan, Napoleon and the Revolution , pp. 104–7, the Discours préliminaire is a ‘superb introduction’ to the Code. |
| 84 . | Natalie Petiteau, ‘La Contre-Révolution endiguée? Projets et réalisations sociales impériales’, in Martin (ed.), La Contre-Revolution en Europe , p. 186. |
| 85 . | This is the thesis of Xavier Martin, Mythologie du Code Napoléon: aux soubassements de la France moderne (Bouère, 2003). |
| 86 . | Alan Forrest, ‘State-Formation and Resistance: The Army and Local Elites in Napoleonic France’, in Michael Rowe (ed.), Collaboration and Resistance in Napoleonic Europe: State-Formation in an Age of Upheaval, c.1800–1815 (Basingstoke, 2003), pp. 44–5. |
| 87 . | Petiteau, ‘Les fidélités républicaines’, 65. |
| 88 . | Collins, Napoleon and his Parliaments , pp. 58–62. |
| 89 . | AN F7 3830, rapport de la préfecture de police, 16 and 26 frimaire an X (7 and 17 December 1801). |
| 90 . | Corr. vii. n. 5907 (2 January 1802). |
| 91 . | Corr. vii. n. 5922 (18 January 1802); Savary, Mémoires , i. pp. 282–3; Girardin, Mémoires, journal et souvenirs , ii. pp. 247–8; Thibaudeau, Mémoires sur le Consulat , pp. 222–3. |
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