Citizen Emperor (142 page)
Authors: Philip Dwyer
| 19 . | Ségur, Un aide de camp de Napoléon , i. pp. 102–3; Bourrienne, Mémoires , vi. pp. 21–2. |
| 20 . | Jérôme Laugier, Les cahiers du capitaine Laugier (Paris, 1893), pp. 257–8. On the other hand, those same officers appear willingly to have signed a letter congratulating Napoleon on his ascension to the thrones of the Empire and the Kingdom of Italy (AN AFIV 1953, no date). |
| 21 . | Cambacérès, Mémoires inédits , i. p. 708. |
| 22 . | The marquis de Gallo cited in Gaubert, Conspirateurs au temps de Napoléon , p. 201. |
| 23 . | AN F7 6403, interrogation of Pichegru. |
| 24 . | Aulard, Paris sous le Consulat , iv. pp. 720, 721, 722. |
| 25 . | Aulard, Paris sous le Consulat , iv. pp. 330–1, 446 (24 August and 23 October 1803). |
| 26 . | Alfred Boulay de la Meurthe, Les dernières années du duc d’Enghien (1801–1804) (Paris, 1886), pp. 226, 321. |
| 27 . | Sidney B. Fay, ‘The Execution of the Duc d’Enghien I’, American Historical Review , 3 (1898), 620–1. |
| 28 . | Cambacérès, Mémoires inédits , i. pp. 710–13; Pasquier, Mémoires , i. p. 179. |
| 29 . | Pasquier, Mémoires , i. p. 180. |
| 30 . | Joseph Othenin Bernard de Cléron, comte d’Haussonville, ‘L’Eglise Romaine et le premier Empire 1800–1814: le Pape à Savone’, Revue des Deux Mondes , 67 (1867), 43. |
| 31 . | Méneval, Mémoires , i. pp. 284–5. |
| 32 . | According to Cambacérès, Mémoires inédits , i. pp. 712–13. See also Henri Welschinger, Le duc d’Enghien, 1772–1804: l’enlèvement d’Ettenheim et l’exécution de Vincennes (Paris, 1913), pp. 388–5. |
| 33 . | It is often said that this commando was led by Armand de Caulaincourt, but in fact it was General Ordener who went to Ettenheim to arrest Enghien. Caulaincourt suffered by association all his life, railing against the misconception on his deathbed. See Armand Augustin Louis, marquis de Caulaincourt, duc de Vicence, Memoirs of General de Caulaincourt, Duke of Vicenza , ed. Jean Hanoteau, 3 vols (London, 1950), i. pp. 17–20; Jean-Paul Bertaud, Le duc d’Enghien (Paris, 2001), pp. 349, 351. |
| 34 . | Bertaud, Le duc d’Enghien , pp. 351–2. |
| 35 . | Bertaud, Le duc d’Enghien , pp. 383–4. |
| 36 . | Alan Forrest, ‘Napoleon as Monarch: A Political Evolution’, in Alan Forrest and Peter H. Wilson (eds), The Bee and the Eagle: Napoleonic France and the End of the Holy Roman Empire, 1806 (Basingstoke, 2009), p. 117. |
| 37 . | Bertrand, Cahiers de Sainte-Hélène , i. p. 58; Las Cases, Mémorial , ii. p. 627. |
| 38 . | On the role of Savary see Thierry Lentz, Savary: le séide de Napoléon (Paris, 2001), pp. 113–36. |
| 39 . | Hortense, Memoirs , i. pp. 95–6. |
| 40 . | Andrew Hilliard Atteridge, Joachim Murat, Marshal of France and King of Naples (New York, 1911), p. 108; Jean Tulard, Murat (Paris, 1999), pp. 70–2. |
| 41 . | Eugène de Beauharnais, Mémoires et correspondance politique et militaire du prince Eugène , 10 vols (Paris, 1858–60), i. p. 91. |
| 42 . | Beauharnais, Mémoires et correspondance politiques , i. pp. 90–1. |
| 43 . | Cornet, Souvenirs sénatoriaux , pp. 39–41. |
| 44 . | Translation from William Francis Henry King, Classical and Foreign Quotations (London, 1889). |
| 45 . | François-Joseph-Charles-Marie, comte de Mercy-Argenteau, Memoirs of the Comte de Mercy-Argenteau: Napoleon’s Chamberlain and his Minister Plenipotentiary to the King of Bavaria (New York, 1917), i. p. 94. |
| 46 . | Aulard, Paris sous le Consulat , iv. p. 730 (20 March 1804); Dalberg to Edelsheim (22 March 1804), Bernhard Erdmannsdörffer and K. Obser (eds), Politische Correspondenz Karl Friedrichs von Baden, 1783–1806 , 5 vols (Heidelberg, 1888–1901), v. p. 27; Aulard, Paris sous le Consulat , iv. pp. 731, 732, 733 (21, 22 and 23 March 1804). |
| 47 . | Lentz, Grand Consulat , p. 550. |
| 48 . | Pasquier, Mémoires , i. p. 210; Welschinger, Le duc d’Enghien , pp. 337–83; Henri Welschinger, L’Europe et l’exécution du duc d’Enghien (Amiens, 1890). |
| 49 . | A point underlined by Sorel, L’Europe et la Révolution française , vi. p. 359; and Kagan, The End of the Old Order , p. 88. |
| 50 . | Adam Gielgud (ed.), Memoirs of Prince Adam Czartoryski and his Correspondence with Alexander I , 2 vols (London, 1888), ii. pp. 14–15; Charles Robert Vasilievitch de Nesselrode, Lettres et papiers du chancelier comte de Nesselrode, 1760–1850 , 11 vols (Paris, 1908–12), ii. pp. 306–7; Dirk Van Hogendorp, Mémoires du général Dirk van Hogendorp, comte de l’Empire (The Hague, 1887), p. 153. |
| 51 . | Protocol, 5/17 April 1804, in Sbornik , lxxvii. pp. 547–63; Joseph de Maistre, Mémoires politiques et correspondance diplomatique de Joseph de Maistre (Paris, 1864), pp. 110–11; and Joseph de Maistre, Oeuvres complètes de J. de Maistre , 14 vols (Lyons, 1884–6), ix. pp. 156–7. |
| 52 . | W. H. Zawadzki, ‘Prince Adam Czartoryski and Napoleonic France, 1801–1805: A Study in Political Attitudes’, Historical Journal , 18 (1975), 262; Gielgud (ed.), Memoirs of Prince Adam Czartoryski , ii. pp. 16–34. |
| 53 . | Constantin de Grunwald, Alexandre Ier, le tsar mystique (Paris, 1955), p. 99. |
| 54 . | See the letter from Alexander to Friedrich Wilhelm in Paul Bailleu (ed.), Briefwechsel König Friedrich Wilhelm III. und der Königin Luise mit Kaiser Alexander I (Leipzig, 1900), pp. 46–7; Alexander M. Martin, Romantics, Reformers, Reactionaries: Russian Conservative Thought and Politics in the Reign of Alexander I (DeKalb, 1997), p. 42. |
| 55 . | Lombard to Hardenberg (8 May 1804), in Bailleu (ed.), Preußen und Frankreich , ii. pp. 261–2; Welschinger, L’Europe et l’exécution du duc d’Enghien , pp. 20–3. |
| 56 . | Welschinger, Le duc d’Enghien , pp. 411–14; and Welschinger, L’Europe et l’exécution du duc d’Enghien , pp. 25–35. |
| 57 . | Chandler, Campaigns of Napoleon , p. 328; Schroeder, Transformation of European Politics , pp. 248–51; Charles Esdaile, The Wars of Napoleon (London, 1995), p. 22; Zawadzki, ‘Czartoryski and Napoleonic France’, 262; David Gates, The Napoleonic Wars, 1803–1815 (London, 1997), p. 17. |
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