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Authors: Richard Miles

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Yon, M. 1986 ‘Cultes phéniciens à Chypre: l’interprétation chypriote’, in Bonnet, Lipiński & Marchetti (eds.) 1986, 127–52
——1992 ‘Le royaume de Kition’, in Hackens & Moucharte (eds.) 1992, 243–60
Zambon, E. 2006 ‘From Agathocles to Hieron II: The Birth and Development of Basileia in Hellenistic Sicily’, in Lewis (ed.) 2006, 77–94
Zanker, P, 1988
The Power of Images in the Age of Augustus
. Ann Arbor
Zecchini, G. 2003 ‘Annibale prima e dopo il Trasimeno. Alcune osservazioni’,
RSA
, 33: 91–8
Zimmerman Munn, M. L. 2003 ‘Corinthian Trade with the Punic West in the Classical Period’, in C. Williams & N. Bookidis (eds.) 2003
Corinth: The Centenary, 1896–1996.
Princeton. 195–217
Index
Abibaal, meaning of name
Abibaal, king of Tyre
Acca Laurentia, tomb of
Achaean League
Acherbas (Zakarbaal), wife of Elissa
Achilles, iconography of
Acra Leuce (near Alicante), founded by Hamilcar Barca
Acragas, Sicily
Carthaginian siege of (407–405 BC)
ephebe (statue)
First Punic War
taken by Carthage
temple of Heracles
Adad-Ninari III, king of Assyria
Adherbal, Carthaginian admiral
Adys (?Oudna), Tunisia
Aegates Islands
Aeneas
Romulus and Remus as descendants of
in Vergil’s
Aeneid
Aeolian Islands
Africa
Carthaginian exploration
Phoenician circumnavigation (7th century BC)
afterlife, expectations of
Agathocles, Greek general
death
invasion of North Africa
mutiny of army
surrender to Carthaginians
agriculture
after First Punic War
Carthaginian hinterland
Mago’s treatise
olives
Phoenician hinterland
Sardinia
see also
food
Ahab, king of Israel
Al Mina, coastal trading station
Alalia, Corsica, Phocaean colony
Alba Longa
Alexander the Great
death
legacy of
suspected plan to attack Carthage
Alexander, king of Epirus
Alexandria
Allobroges tribe, Alps
alphabet
Greek
Phoenician
Alps
Hannibal’s crossing of
Heracles’s journey over
Via Julia Augusta over
Amathus, port, Cyprus
‘Ambrosian stones’, story of
amphorae, transport
Bruttium
Bruttium
 
Nuragic
Ampurias, Spain, Greek trading settlement
Amurru
Anaxilas, Greek tyrant of Rhegium
Ancius Marcus, Roman king
Andalusia
Carthaginian colonization
metal ore mines
Phoenician trading settlements
Andronicus, Livius, Tarentine poet
Antaeus, mythical giant
Antas, Sardinia
temple
temple to Sid
Antiochus, Seleucid king (270 BC)
Antiochus, Seleucid king (
c.
190 BC)
Antiochus, Syracusan historian
Antipolis (Antibes)
Aphrodite, Greek goddess
in Eryx
support for Troy
Apollo, god, statue at Tyre
Apollonius of Tyana
Appian, Greek historian
on democratic faction in Carthage
on Julius Caesar
on new harbours
on news in Rome of destruction of Carthage
on Third Punic War
Appius Claudius Caecus
Appius Claudius Caudex, Roman consul
Apulia
archaeology
earliest occupation layers
evidence for new harbours
last years of Carthage
Roman deposits of debris and rubble
Spanish silver mines
Archagathus, son of Agathocles
archegete
, Heracles
Archimedes, death at Syracuse
architecture
Egyptian influences
Greek influences
Kerkouane
public buildings in Gades
Sabratha mausoleum
Sicily
Ardea, Latium
temple of Hercules
Aristogeitos, tombstone at Motya
Aristotle
on Carthaginian colonization
on Carthaginian political system
Arišut-Ba’al, meaning of name
Armenia, Hannibal in
armour
army
see
Carthaginian army; Hannibal, army of; Roman army
art
Phoenician
Punic
Sicilian Greek
artisans
Arvad
Asherah, Phoenician god
Asheri, David
Ashurnasirpal II, Great King of Assyria
Aspis, Tunisia, Roman landing on (256 BC)
Assur, Assyrian god
Assyria
market for luxury goods
pressure on Tyre
Astarte, Phoenician goddess
as consort of Melqart
cult in Eryx
new temple in Carthage
syncretism
in temple in Pyrgi
Atban, Numidian chief
Athena, goddess
Athens
alliance with Sparta against Persians
invasion of Sicily (410 BC)
Atlantic
exploration of
trade
Attalus, king of Pergamum
Aufidus, River
Augustus Caesar, Emperor
and Heraclean Way
and rebuilding of Carthage
Aurus Atilius Caiatinus
Ausculum, battle of (279 BC)
Avernus, god of death
Avernus, Lake
Avienus, Festus Rufus, account of Himilco’s voyage
Azoros and Carchedon, foundation myth
Baal Hammon, god
Carthage
iconography
Baal Malagê, storm god
Baal Saphon, storm god
Baal Shamen, storm god
Baal Sôr, title for god Melqart
Baalat Gubal, goddess, Byblos
Babi, Nuragic god
Babylon
defeat of Tyre (573 BC)
Baebelo, Spain, silver mine
Baecula, battle of (208)
Balearic slingers
in Carthaginian armies
in Hannibal’s army
banks, Roman state
Banno, Carthaginian envoy
Barcid clan
administration of Spain
and Council of Elders
demagogy
rise of
and tensions with Rome
see also
Hamilcar Barca; Hannibal
Barmocar, Carthaginian official
bathrooms
Carthage
Kerkouane
Beirut
Bello Jiménez, Victor
Benevento, plain of
Beneventum, battle of (275 BC)
Bes, Egyptian god
betyls (sacred stones)
Columna Lactaria in Rome
Bible
Ezekiel
and practice of
molk
Bithia, Sardinia
Bithynia, Hannibal’s death in
Bodaštart, meaning of name
Boii, Gallic tribe in northern Italy
Bologna, Hannibal’s winter quarters
Bomilcar, stele inscription
Bomilcar, Carthaginian general
attempted coup in Carthage
Books of Fate (Roman)
Bostar, Carthaginian commander
Bostar, Carthaginian governor of Sardinia
bread ovens, Kerkouane
Brecht, Bertolt
Britain
Himilco’s voyage to
Brittany, Himilco’s voyage to
Bronze Age
Near East
nomadic invasions from east
palace societies
Sicily
bronze objects
armour
cauldrons
Entella tablets
hatchet razors
Bruttium (Calabria)
Hannibal in
bucchero nero
(Etruscan drinking cups)
burial practices
burial (inhumation)
cremation
Libyan
Byblos
sea-going ships
worship of goddess Baalat Gubal
Byron, Lord
Byrsa, citadel
and Roman rebuilding
streets up to
Cabala, battle of
Cacus, ogre
Rome equated with
Cadmus, envoy from Syracuse to Greece
caduceus plant, emblems
Caecus, Appius Claudius
Caere, Etruscan kingdom spring of Hercules
Calpurnius Piso, Lucius, consul (147 BC)
Camarina, Sicily
Cameroun, Mount
Campania, Italy
Hannibal in
links with Carthage
Campanians, as mercenaries
Canary Islands
Cannae, Battle of (216 BC)
Can’nai
, ethnic group
Canusium, Italy
Cap Bon peninsula
see also
Kerkouane
Cape Lacinium, temple of Juno
Cape Tyndaris, naval battle of (260 BC)
Capua
alliance with Rome
Hannibal at
omen
rebellion against Rome
siege and sack by Rome (211)
Caralis (Cagliari), Sardinia
Carpetani tribe, Spain
carpets and cushions, Carthaginian
Cartagena (New Carthage), Spain
besieged by Scipio
blockade by Scipio
foundation by Hasdrubal
Carthage
ORIGINS AND RISE OF: in context of ancient world; Elissa foundation myth; gods (patron); Levantine heritage and influence; rise as mercantile power; rivalry with Greece; sources for history
CITY; Byrsa (citadel); Cintas’ chapel; construction of ‘Hannibal Quarter’; early city; fortifications; grid; Hannibal’s construction programme; harbours
accused of conspiracy with Persia
and arrival of Scipio Africanus
and assistance to Mamertines in Sicily
besieged by Agathocles
blockaded by mercenaries
defeat at Himera
economic effects of First Punic War
economic recovery after Second Punic War
fall and sack of (146 BC); curse on; destruction; ploughing with salt
;
preparations for siege (149 BC); siege of (149–146)
famine (256–255 BC)
harbours
hinterland
imperial ambitions
and loss of Sicily
metaphorical references to
as moral antithesis to Rome
political institutions, 130; democratic faction (150s); Hannibal’s reforms; oligarchic government; pro-Barcid faction; rise of power of Popular Assembly
rebuilding: as Colonia Iulia Concordia Carthago; Roman proposals
relations with Rome: alliance with Rome against Pyrrhus; embassy to Rome (351 BC); first treaty with Rome (509 BC)
;
possible treaty with Rome (306 BC)
;
Roman embassy to; second treaty with Rome (348 BC); third treaty with Rome (279/278 BC); treaty to end First Punic War (241 BC)
and Syracuse; loss of; wars
and treaty with Philip of Macedon
war with Numidia
see also
Council of Elders; Popular Assembly
Carthage, battle at (256 BC)
Carthaginian army
elite suspicion of generals
loyalty to Hannibal
and Mercenaries’ Revolt
military strategy
Sacred Band
in Spain
standing army in Sicily
under command of Xanthippus
use of mercenaries
see also
Hannibal, army of
Carthaginian navy
blockade of Strait of Messina
private funding for
raids on Italian coast
under Hamilcar
weakness of
Carthaginians
enslaved by Gelon
in Greece Greek stereotypes
Roman stereotypes
in Rome
Carthalo, democratic leader
Casilinum, Italy
Cassiterides Islands
Cassius Dio
on beginnings of First Punic War
on Hannibal
on military leadership
on Mylae
Cato, Marcus Porcius
embassy to Carthage
hatred of Carthage
opposition to Scipio
Origines
support for Scipio Aemilianus
cedarwood, Tyrian trade in
Celtiberian tribes
Hamilcar Barca and
Hannibal and
Celtiberians, in Hannibal’s army
Celts
in Alpine regions
descent from Heracles
line infantry in Hannibal’s army
cemeteries
early
outside city
Censorinus, Lucius Marcius, consul (149 BC)
and siege of Carthage
Cerne Island
Chaereas, historian
Chalcedon
Chandragupta, Indian king
Cheiromos, metal caster
child sacrifice during siege
chimpanzees
Cicero, Marcus Tullius
Cinyps, Libya, Spartan settlement
Circeii, Latium
Cisalpine Gaul
Celtic mercenaries from
Hannibal in
Rome and
cisterns, and washrooms in Carthage

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