Carthage Must Be Destroyed (82 page)

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Authors: Richard Miles

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Clastidium, betrayed to Hannibal
Claudius Nero, Gaius, consul (208)
Claudius Pulcher, Publius, Roman consul
Cleitarchus, account of child sacrifice
Clement of Alexandria
clementia
Clitomachus (Hasdrubal), philosopher
Cnidus, Greek colonists from
Coelius Antipater, Roman writer
coins and coinage
Agathocles
bronze; Numidian; Roman; Syracuse
b’rst
superscription
at Capua
Carthaginian, for Syracuse
copper-alloy with arsenic
debased
double shekel (Hannibal)
electrum; Sicily
gold, Sicily
Hannibal’s
Libyan mercenaries’ own
Lilybaeum
military (Sicily)
motifs
to pay mercenaries
silver; Barcid Spanish; denarius (Rome); Roman; Sicily; Syracuse; tetradrachms (Pyrrhus); tetradrachms (Sicily)
triple shekel (Barcid Spain)
see also
currency; mints
Colaeus, Greek sea captain
Colonia Iulia Concordia Carthago, rebuilt Carthage and Carthage of
Aeneid
colonies and colonization
Carthaginian
Greek
Phoenician
relocation of surplus population
Roman
in Sicily
Tyrian
see also
Gades; Sardinia; Sicily; Spain
Concordia
, temple to (120 BC)
Constantine, Emperor
copper
Cyprus
Mauritania
Sardinia
Core, goddess
introduced to Carthage
Corinth
Roman destruction of (146 BC)
threat to Carthage
Cornelius Nepos, Roman biographer
Corsica
corvus
, naval grappling device
Cos, Tyrian factories
Cosa, Italy
Council of Elders
and Hamilcar Barca
and Hannibal
and Hasdrubal
and Mercenaries’ Revolt
reaction to Hamilcar’s pact with Agathocles
recall of Hannibal
relations with Barcids
and siege (149–146)
suspicion of generals
Cremona, Roman colony
Crete
Hannibal on
Crimisius, battle of (340 BC)
Crispinus, Titus Quinctius, consul (208)
Cronium, battle of
Cronus, Greek god
crucifixion, use of
Cuccurredus, Sardinia
culture
acculturation in Sicily
diversification
hybridization
Mediterranean complexity
syncretism in North Africa
see also
Greek culture
Cumae
temple of Apollo
Cumae, battle of (474 BC)
Curius Dentatus, Manius
currency
coinage to pay mercenaries
metal ingots and bars
see also
coins and coinage
Cybele (Magna Mater, ‘Great Mother’), sacred stone of
Cyclades
Cyprus
links with Carthage
synergy of Heracles and Melqart
Tyrians in
Cyrene, Libya, Greek city of
Daly, Gregory
Damaretê, queen of Syracuse
David, king of Judah (Israel)
Deinomenid family, Syracuse
Delphi, consultation of oracle at
Demerliac, Jean-Gabriel
Demeter, goddess
Demeter Malophoros introduced to Carthage
temple at Messana
Demetrius of Phalerum
Demetrius Poliorcetes, king of Macedonia
Desanges, Jehan
diadochi
(senior Macedonian military commanders)
Dido, Queen
in Vergil’s
Aeneid
diet
on Carthaginian warships
early settlers in Carthage
later variety
see also
food
Diodorus Siculus, historian
account of child sacrifice
on Agathocles
on Alexander
battle of Himera
on beginnings of First Punic War
on cult of Demeter and Core in Carthage
on fall of Magonids
on Hannibal’s campaigns in Sicily
on Hasdrubal in Spain
on punishment of military leaders
on Regulus
on rise of Hamilcar Barca
on Roman imperial policy
on Scipio Nascia
on siege of Acragas
on siege of Motya
The Library of History
on wealth in Sicily
see also
Timaeus
Diomedes
Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Greek writer in Rome
Dionysius, tyrant of Syracuse
divination
Roman use of
see also
omens and portents
Dorieus, prince of Sparta
Drepana, Sicilian port
Drusus, Nero
Duilius, Gaius, consul and naval commander
Ebusus, Ibiza
Eckstein, Arthur
Ecnomus, Cape, naval battle (256 BC)
economy
6th century crisis
effect of First Punic War on Carthage
effect of loss of Sardinia
effect of wars in Sicily on
effect of wealth of Spain on recovery
loan from Egypt
recovery from Second Punic War
rural
egersis
, festival of Melqart
in Carthage
in Gades
Greek interpretation
Egypt
boat-building
magic symbols
relations with Tyre
trade
El, Phoenician god
elephants
at Acragas
on Barcid coins
at battle of Zama
captured by Roman army
crossing of Alps
crossing of Rhône
forest species
in Hannibal’s army
at Panormus
Pyrrhus’ use of
used to trample rebel mercenaries
Xanthippus’ use of
Elissa (Elisshat) of Tyre compared with Dido
and myth of foundation of Carthage
see also
Dido
elite
and control over armies
merchants
and rise of popular power
see also
Council of Elders
Elymian people, Sicily
emporia
Carthaginian
Phoenician
Enna, Sicily
Ennius, Quintus
Annales
and Vergil’s
Aeneid
Entella, Sicily, bronze tablets
ephebes (statues)
Ephorus, Athenian scholar
epic poetry, Roman
Epicydes, Syracusan officer in Hannibal’s army
epigraphy
see
inscriptions
Epirus (Albania)
Molossian troops
see also
Pyrrhus
Erymanthian boar, legend of
Erythia, mythical island
Erythrae, Greek island
Eryx, king in Sicily
Eryx, Sicily
Aphrodite/Astarte
capture by Pyrrhus
Carthaginian attempt to recapture (244 BC)
Eshmoun, god
and Greek god Aesculapius
Etruria, Italy
alliance with Carthage
and Heracles
trade with
under Roman control
Etruscan language, on Pyrgi Tablets
Etruscans
adoption of Odysseus
trade networks
Euboea, island
pottery
settlement of Ischia
trade
Eudoxius of Cnidus, Greek author
euhemerism (gods as deified humans)
Euhemerus, Greek philosopher
Euhesperides, Greek settlement
Eumenes, king of Pergamum
Evander, mythical king
evocatio
, Roman religious ritual
exploration
Carthaginian
Greek
Fabii, Roman senatorial family
Fabius Maximus, Quintus (
Cunctator
), as autocrat
ambush in Vulturnus valley
consulships
and removal of temple of Hercules to Capitol and Scipio statue of Heracles on Capitol
Fabius Pictor, Quintus, Roman senator
Annales
Fabius, Roman envoy to Carthage
faience, Phoenician
famine, Carthage (256–255 BC)
Fauna, wife of Faunus
Faunus, mythical king
Fides
, temple to
fides
, Roman virtue
and Roman faithlessness
fides Punica
(Roman idiom of faithlessness)
fire
at end of siege
regenerative powers of (
egersis
)
First Punic War (264–241 BC)
battle of Mylae
build-up to
Carthaginian strategy in Sicily
defeat of Carthage
effect on economy
Roman campaign in North Africa (256–255 BC)
Sicily
terms of peace treaty
fish salting, Morocco
Flaminius Nepos, Gaius, consul (217)
Flaminius, Titus Quinctius, Roman general
Flaubert, Gustave,
Salammbô
Flavius Hannibalianus
food
imports
livestock
from Sardinia
variety, from hinterlands
wild birds
Fortuna, Roman goddess
foundation myths
Elissa
Heracles and
Rome
settlement of Azoros and Carchedon
synchronicity of foundation of Rome and Carthage
France
19th-century
see also
Gaul
Franko, George
Fronda, Michael
Frusino, Italy, hermaphrodite child born
Fulvius Centumalus, Gnaeus, Roman pro-consul
Fulvius Flaccus, Quintus, censor (174/173)
Fulvius Flaccus, Quintus, Roman general
furniture, inlays for
Gabon
Gades, Tyrian colony
Barcid mints
Carthage and
Carthaginian retreat to
Hannibal at
Heracles at
public buildings
surrender to Rome (206)
temple of Melqart
Gaius Claudius, Roman tribune
Gammarth, villa estate
garum (fish sauce)
Gades
Kerkouane
Morocco
Gaul (France)
Hannibal in
see also
Cisalpine Gaul
Gauls
Celts in Alpine regions
equated with Hyperboreans
as mercenaries
sack of Rome (387 BC)
Gela, Sicily, Greek city
Gelon, ruler of Syracuse
and battle of Himera
death of
settlement with Carthage
Geminus, Gnaeus Servilius, consul (217)
Genna Maria, Sicily, shrine of Demeter
Geryon, ogre
earliest versions
at Gades
Geryoneis
(poem)
Gielly, Paul, discovery of tophet
Gisco, Carthaginian governor of Lilybaeum (241 BC)
murder of
and negotiation with mercenaries
Gisco, Carthaginian senator (202 BC)
glass, Phoenician
gods
and Greek heroes
list appended to treaty with Philip of Macedon (215)
see also individual gods and goddesses
; religion
gold, from Africa
gold objects, Pyrgi Tablets
golden heifer, story of
Gracchus, Gaius Sempronius, Roman senator
Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius, consul
grave goods
hatchet razors
graves
mass
see also
burials; tophets
Gravisca, Etruscan port
Great Britain
American view of
French view of
see also
Britain
Greece
antipathy to Phoenicians
colonization
development of religion
identity as superior
influence of Phoenicia on
lack of silver
myths and legends
rise of
and Syracuse
temple building
trade
war with Persia
see also
Athens
Greek culture
influence on Carthage
Near Eastern influences on
Roman elite interest in
in Sicily
Greek literature, influences on
Greek writers, and foundation of Rome
Greeks
mercenaries in Carthaginian armies
narrative of Carthaginian aggression
in Sicily
in Spain
stereotypes of Carthaginians
Green, Peter
Greene, Joseph
guest-friendship
guilds
Guinea-Bissau, Hanno’s voyage to
Gulussa, son of Masinissa
Hadad, Carthaginian god
Hadrumetum, port, Libya
Halaisa, Sicily
Hamilcar Barca (
c
.270–228)
colonization of Spain
death
expeditionary force to Spain and Mercenaries’ Revolt
popular support for
rise of
Roman embassy to

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