Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin (96 page)

22
Szapiro,
Wojna
, passim; also Libionka, “ZWZ-AK,” 82.

23
Quotations: Zuckerman,
Surplus
, 357; Szapiro,
Wojna
, 35.

24
On the flags, see Milton,
Stroop.
Quotation: Moczarski,
Rozmowy
, 200.

25
The Edelman testimony is in “Proces Stroopa Tom 1,” SWMW-874, IVk 222/51, now at IPN.

26
Moczarski,
Rozmowy
, 252, quotation at 253.

27
Engelking,
Warsaw Ghetto
, 794.

28
Puławski,
W obliczu
, 412, 420-421, 446. On the pope, see Libionka, “Głową w mur.”

29
Quotation: Engelking,
Warsaw Ghetto
, 795. On the eleven attempts to help Jews, see Engelking,
Getto warszawskie
, 745; and Libionka, “ZWZ-AK,” 79. On the Soviet propaganda, see Redlich,
Propaganda
, 49.

30
On Wilner, see Sakowska, Ludzie, 326.

31
Quotation: Engelking,
Getto warszawskie
, 750; Gutman,
Resistance
, 247; Marrus, “Jewish Resistance,” 98; Friedländer,
Extermination
, 598.

32
For the numbers cited, see Bartoszewski,
Warszawski pierścień
, 256. On 1 June 1943, see Kopka,
Warschau
, 39.

33
See Zimmerman, “Attitude,” 120; and Libionka, “ZWZ-AK,” 119-123.

34
Bartoszewski,
Warszawski pierścień
, 242.

35
Madajczyk, “Generalplan,” 15; Rutherford,
Prelude
, 218; Aly,
Architects
, 275; Ahonen,
People
, 39.

36
On March 1943, see Borodziej,
Uprising
, 41. On the extermination of Jews as a motive, see Puławski,
W obliczu
, 442. For the 6,214 instances of partisan resistance, see BA-MA, RH 53-23 (WiG), 66.

37
On 13 October 1943, see Bartoszewski,
Warszawski pierścień
, 286. On the plaster and earth, see Kopka,
Warschau,
58-59.

38
Bartoszewski,
Warszawski pierścień
, 331, 348, 376, 378, 385, figure at 427.

39
Kopka,
Warschau
, 40.

40
Ibid., 46, 53, 75.

41
Quotation: Kopka,
Warschau
, 69.

42
Kopka,
Warschau
, 60.

43
On the Bagration connection, see Zaloga,
Bagration
, 82.

44
The Allies discussed the future Polish border at the Tehran summit of 28 November-1 December 1943; see Ciechanowski,
Powstanie
, 121.

45
Operatsia “Seim
,
”
5 and passim.

46
On Bielski’s partisan unit, see Libionka, “ZWZ-AK,” 112. For multiple perspectives on Bielski, see Snyder, “Caught Between.”

47
On 22 July 1944, see Borodziej,
Uprising
, 64.

48
On the exclusion and the arms, see Borodziej,
Uprising
, 61.

49
The atmosphere is conveyed and the battles described in Davies,
Rising ’44.
On the fact that no major targets were captured, see Borodziej,
Uprising
, 75.

50
Engelking,
Żydzi
, 91 for Zylberberg, and passim; National Armed Forces at 62, 86, 143.

51
On Aronson, see Engelking,
Żydzi
, 61, National Armed Forces at 62, 86, 143; and Kopka,
Warschau
, 42, 106, 110, “indifference” quotation at 101.

52
Krannhals,
Warschauer Aufstand
, 124.

53
Ibid., 124-127.

54
Wroniszewski,
Ochota
, 567, 568, 627, 628, 632, 654, 694; Dallin,
Kaminsky
, 79-82. On the Marie Curie Institute, see Hanson,
Civilian Population
, 90. Quotations: Mierecki,
Varshavskoe
, 642 (“Mass executions”); Dallin,
Kaminsky
, 81 (“they raped . . . ”); Mierecki,
Varshavskoe
, 803 (“robbing . . . ”).

55
Madaczyk,
Ludność
, 61.

56
On Himmler’s orders, see Sawicki,
Zburzenie
, 32, 35; and Krannhals,
Warschauer Aufstand
, 420. On the human shields (and other atrocities), see Stang, “Dirlewanger,” 71; Serwański,
Życie
, 64; Mierecki,
Varshavskoe
, 547, 751; and MacLean,
Hunters
, 182. See also Ingrao,
Chasseurs
, 180. For estimates of forty thousand civilians murdered, see Hanson,
Civilian Population
, 90; and Borodziej,
Uprising
, 81. Ingrao gives the figure of 12,500 shot in one day by the Dirlewanger unit alone; see
Chasseurs
, 53.

57
On the three hospitals, see Hanson,
Civilian Population
, 88; and MacLean,
Hunters
, 182. On the gang rapes and murder, see Ingrao,
Chasseurs
, 134, 150.

58
On the factory where two thousand people were shot, see Mierecki,
Varshavskoe
, 547. Quotation: Hanson,
Civilian Population
, 88.

59
Borodziej,
Uprising
, 81.

60
Klimaszewski,
Verbrennungskommando
, 25-26, 53, 69, 70. On the Jewish laborer, see Engelking,
Żydzi
, 210. See also Białoszewski,
Pamiętnik
, 28.

61
Quotation: Borodziej,
Uprising
, 91. See also Ciechanowski,
Powstanie
, 138, 145, 175, 196, 205.

62
Quotations: Borodziej,
Uprising
, 94.

63
Quotation: Borodziej,
Uprising
, 94. See also Davies,
Rising ’44.

64
On Himmler, see Borodziej,
Uprising
, 79, 141; Mierecki,
Varshavskoe
, 807; Krannhals,
Warschauer Aufstand
, 329 (and ghetto experience); and Ingrao,
Chasseurs
, 182.

65
On Bach and the Wehrmacht, see Sawicki,
Zburzenie
, 284; and Krannhals,
Warschauer Aufstand
, 330-331. On the last library, see Borodziej,
Uprising
, 141.

66
Estimates: Ingrao,
Les chasseurs
(200,000); Borodziej,
Uprising
, 130 (185,000); Pohl,
Verfolgung
, 121 (170,000); Krannhals,
Warschauer Aufstand
, 124 (166,000).

67
On Landau and Ringelblum, see Bartoszewski,
Warszawski pierścień
, 385. On Ringelblum specifically, see Engelking,
Warsaw Ghetto
, 671; see also, generally, Kassow,
History.

68
Estimates of the numbers of people in hiding are in Paulson,
Secret City
, 198.

69
Strzelecki,
Deportacja
, 25, 35-37; Długoborski, “Żydzi,” 147; Löw,
Juden
, 455, 466, 471, Bradfisch and trains at 472, 476.

70
Kopka,
Warschau
, 51, 116.

71
Strzelecki,
Deportacja
, 111.

CHAPTER 10: ETHNIC CLEANSINGS

1
On the importance of German precedents, see Brandes,
Weg
, 58, 105, 199, and passim; also Ahonen,
After the Expulsion
, 15-25.

2
On Polish and Czech wartime planning for deportations, generally less radical than what would actually be achieved, see Brandes,
Weg
, 57, 61, 117, 134, 141, 160, 222, 376, and passim.

3
Quotation: Borodziej,
Niemcy
, 61. In Polish the distinction is between
narodowy
and
narodowościowy
.

4
Mikołajczyk quotation: Nitschke,
Wysiedlenie
, 41; see Naimark,
Fires
, 124. On Roosevelt, see Brandes,
Weg
, 258. On Hoover, see Kersten, “Forced,” 78. On Churchill, see Frank,
Expelling
, 74. On the uprising, see Borodziej,
Niemcy
, 109.

5
See Brandes,
Weg
, 267-272.

6
Frank,
Expelling
, 89.

7
On Hungary, see Ungvary,
Schlacht
, 411-432; and Naimark,
Russians
, 70. On Poland, see Curp,
Clean Sweep
, 51. Yugoslav quotation: Naimark,
Russians
, 71.

8
On the incidence of rape in the earlier occupation, see Gross,
Revolution
, 40; and Shumuk,
Perezhyte
, 17. Worth considering are the reflections of a victim: Anonyma,
Eine Frau
, 61.

9
Quotation: Salomini,
L’Union
, 123; also 62, 115-116, 120, 177. The point about conscripts is made inter alia in
Vertreibung
, 26.

10
Vertreibung
, 33. An admirable discussion is Naimark,
Russians
, 70-74. On Grass, see
Beim Häuten
, 321.

11
On the burial of the mother, see
Vertreibung
, 197.

12
On the 520,000 Germans, see Urban,
Verlust
, 517. On the 40,000 Poles, see Zwolski, “Deportacje,” 49. Gurianov estimates 39,000-48,000; see “Obzor,” 205. Still more Poles seem to have been deported from Soviet Belarus; see Szybieka,
Historia
, 362. On the Hungarian civilians, see Ungvary,
Schlacht
, 411-432. On the mines, see Nitschke,
Wysiedlenie
, 71. For the 287,000 people taken as laborers and Camp 517, see Wheatcroft, “Scale,” 1345.

13
For the 185,000 German civilians, see Urban,
Verlust
, 117. For the 363,000 German prisoners of war, see Overmans,
Verluste
, 286; Wheatcroft counts 356,687; see “Scale,” 1353. Tens of thousands of Italian, Hungarian, and Romanian soldiers also perished after having surrendered to the Red Army. Regarding the Italians, Schlemmer estimates 60,000 deaths; see
Italianer
, 74. Regarding the Hungarians, Stark estimates 200,000 (which seems improbably high); see
Human Losses
, 33. See also Biess, “Vom Opfer,” 365.

14
On the psychological sources of the evacuation problem, see Nitschke,
Wysiedlenie
, 48. Quotation: Hillgruber,
Germany
, 96. See also Steinberg, “Third Reich,” 648; and Arendt,
In der Gegenwart
, 26-29.

15
On the Gauleiters and the ships, see Nitschke,
Wysiedlenie
, 52-60.

16
On Jahntz, see
Vertreibung
, 227. Quotation: Grass,
Beim Häuten
, 170.

17
Nitschke,
Wysiedlenie
, 135; Jankowiak, “Cleansing,” 88-92. Ahonen estimates 1.25 million returns; see
People
, 87.

18
Staněk,
Odsun
, 55-58. See also Naimark,
Fires
, 115-117; Glassheim, “Mechanics,” 206-207; and Ahonen,
People
, 81. The Czech-German Joint Commission gives a range of 19,000 to 30,000 fatalities; see
Community
, 33. Some 160,000 Germans from Czechoslovakia lost their lives fighting in the Wehrmacht. For Grass, see his
Beim Häuten
, 186.

19
Quotation: Nitschke,
Wysiedlenie
, 136; also Borodziej,
Niemcy
, 144. On the movement of 1.2 million people, see Jankowiak,
Wysiedlenie
, 93, also 100. Borodziej estimates 300,000-400,000 (
Niemcy
, 67); Curp gives the figure 350,000 (
Clean Sweep
, 53). See also Jankowiak, “Cleansing,” 89-92.

20
On Potsdam, see Brandes,
Weg
, 404, 458, 470; and Naimark,
Fires
, 111.