Berlin 1961 (81 page)

However, Bolshakov’s most important: Washington Times
, September 27, 1996.

Bolshakov had worked Holeman:
Fursenko and Naftali,
One Hell of a Gamble
, 111, citing interview with Frank Holeman, August 6, 1995.

When Bolshakov returned:
Fursenko and Naftali,
One Hell of a Gamble
, 111; Beschloss,
The Crisis Years
, 153–154; interview with Frank Holeman; Richard Nixon Papers, National Archives,
Rose Mary Woods–Nixon
, 12/18/1958.

When Bolshakov replaced Gvozdev:
Fursenko and Naftali,
One Hell of a Gamble
, 109–112; Brugioni and McCort,
Eyeball to Eyeball
, 176–177; Foreign Broadcast Information Service, USSR, International Service, “Kennedy Sees Soviet Journalists,” Daily Report No. 12327, June 1961; Bolshakov, “Goryachaya Linaya,” 38–40.

With Guthman’s blessing:
Bolshakov, “Goryachaya Linaya,” 38–40.

At the Justice Department:
Bolshakov, “Goryachaya Linaya,” 38–40.

“The American government”:
GRU, “Kratkoye Soderzhanye: Besed G. Bolshakova s. R. Kennedi.”

The two countries:
FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. VII,
Arms Control and Disarmament
, Doc. 4.

Behind Bobby’s proposal:
FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. VII,
Arms Control and Disarmament
, Doc. 19, 31.

And Moscow wanted any verification:
Fursenko and Naftali,
Khrushchev’s Cold War
, 351.

In Geneva, Soviet officials:
Freedman,
Kennedy’s Wars
, 302–304; Roger Kershaw,
Monarchy in South-East Asia: The Faces of Tradition in Transition
. New York: Routledge, 2001, 39–40; Timothy N. Castle,
At War in the Shadow of Vietnam: U.S. Military Aid to the Royal Lao Government 1955–1975.
New York: Columbia University Press, 1993, 40–42, 46–48.

On the same day, Khrushchev delivered: New York Times
, 05/13/1961; Memo, Lucius Battle–Bundy, May 25, 1961.

The letter made no mention:
FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. VI, Kennedy–Khrushchev Exchanges, Doc. 15.

Kennedy sent cables:
JFKL, Kennedy–Adenauer, May 16, 1961.

On May 17, State Department:
JFKL,
Henry Owen, National Security Council
, May 17, 1961, NSF Box 81, Germany, Berlin, General, 5/61.

He suggested putting more money:
DNSA, Memorandum, May 17, 1961, Secret,
Berlin Crisis
, BC02046.

Western European and U.S. commentators:
“Kennedys welker Lorbeer,”
Die Zeit
, 5/26/1961;
Wall Street Journal
, 06/01/1961.

In its review of European: Wall Street Journal
, 06/01/1961.

Although Vienna was technically: Wall Street Journal
, 06/01/1961.

“Our friends,” said the ambassador:
AVP-RF, Letter from Ambassador Pervukhin to Foreign Minister Gromyko, 19 May 1961, Top secret file, Fond: referentyra po GDR, Opis 6, Por 34, Inv. 193/3, vol. 1, Papka 46, retrieved from Harrison, “Ulbricht and the Concrete ‘Rose,’” CWIHP Working Paper No. 5, 90–95, Appendix D; Murphy, Kondrashev, and Bailey,
Battleground Berlin
, 362.

Two weeks ahead of the summit:
Mikhail Boltunov,
Nevidimoe Oruzhie GRU
[Invisible GRU Weapon]. Moscow: Olma-Press, 2002, 281–283; Fursenko and Naftali,
One Hell of a Gamble
, 122–123.

Bobby made clear:
Boltunov,
Nevidimoe Oruzhie GRU
, 281–283; Beschloss,
Crisis Years
, 156; Fursenko and Naftali,
Khrushchev’s Cold War
, 349–350, 354.

One of Bolshakov’s Moscow bosses:
Fursenko and Naftali,
One Hell of a Gamble
, 112.

Thompson did not take notes…Thompson probed, asking:
FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961–1962, Doc. 24, Telegram from the Embassy in the Soviet Union to the Department of State, Moscow, May 24, 1961.

Khrushchev responded calmly:
DNSA, Thompson’s Conversation with Khrushchev on Berlin, Prior to the Vienna Summit, Secret, Cable, 2887, May 24, 1961.

Thompson’s later cable to Washington:
FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961–1962, Doc. 28, Telegram from the Embassy in the Soviet Union to the Department of State, Moscow, May 27, 1961, 1 p.m.

On the same day, Kennedy:
FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961–1962, Doc. 27, Telegram from the Mission at Berlin to the Department of State, Berlin, May 25, 1961, 7 p.m.

Kennedy called for a defense: New York Times
, 05/26/1961.

Directly responding to what:
Fursenko and Naftali,
Khrushchev’s Cold War
, 355–357; AVP-RF,
Kuznetsov
, May 26, 1961, 3.66.311, 58–61; Stenographic account, May 26, 1961, and Protocol No. 331, May 26, 1961, TsK KPSS.

Khrushchev ended his war council:
Anatoly Fedorovich Dobrynin,
In Confidence: Moscow’s Ambassador to America’s Six Cold War Presidents (1962–1986)
. New York: Times Books/Random House, 1995, 44–45; AVP-RF,
Kuznetsov
, May 26, 1961, 3.66.311, 58–61; Stenographic account, May 26, 1961, and Protocol No. 331, May 26, 1961, TsK KPSS; AVP-RF, List Commemorative Gifts and Souvenirs for Possible Delivery at the Time of N. S. Khrushchev’s Stay in Austria, May 27, 1961.

Kennedy lifted off:
Beschloss,
Crisis Years
, 178; Edward M. Kennedy,
The Fruitful Bough: A Tribute to Joseph P. Kennedy
. Privately printed, 1965, 264; Sidey,
JFK
, 173.

He was using crutches:
“1961 Man of the Year—John F. Kennedy,”
Time
, 01/05/1962; Goduti,
Kennedy’s Kitchen Cabinet: Shaping of American Foreign Policy, 1961–1963
, 102.

10.
VIENNA: LITTLE BOY BLUE MEETS AL CAPONE

“So we’re stuck”:
Kenneth P. O’Donnell and David F. Powers, with Joe McCarthy,
“Johnny, We Hardly Knew Ye”: Memories of John Fitzgerald Kennedy
. Boston: Little, Brown, 1972, 292.

“The U.S. is unwilling”:
FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 87, Memcon, p. 219.

“God, we ought”:
Edward Klein,
All Too Human: The Love Story of Jack and Jackie Kennedy
. New York: Pocket Books, 1997, 267.

So began what the three men:
O’Donnell and Powers, with McCarthy,
“Johnny, We Hardly Knew Ye,”
292; Seymour M. Hersh,
The Dark Side of Camelot.
Boston: Little, Brown, 1997, 10, 228.

Between 500,000 and 1 million people:
Klein,
All Too Human
, 266–268.

At Orly Airport: New York Times
, 06/01/1961.

The cheers grew: Washington Post
, 06/01/1961.

Abroad, Kennedy’s failure:
Richard Reeves,
President Kennedy: Profile of Power
. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1993, 60.

It seemed just another of his presidency’s:
Robert Dallek,
An Unfinished Life: John F. Kennedy, 1917–1963.
Boston: Little, Brown, 2003, 397–399; Janet G. Travell,
Office Hours: Day and Night—The Autobiography of Janet Travell, M.D.
New York: World, 1968, 3, 6, 385.

Kennedy’s personal physician:
JFKL,
Janet G. Travell OH
, Dr. Janet Travell medical records; Parmet,
JFK
, 118–123; Beschloss,
Crisis Years
, 188–191; Janet G. Travell,
Office Hours: Day and Night
.

Known as “Dr. Feelgood”:
Dallek,
An Unfinished Life
, 398–399; Hersh,
Dark Side of Camelot
, 5, 235–236; Klein,
All Too Human
, 239.

Kennedy was so pleased:
Reeves,
Kennedy: Profile of Power
, 147; Beschloss,
Crisis Years
, 187–191.

On the night of their grand:
Klein,
All Too Human;
271.

“You feel like Superman”:
Klein,
All Too Human
, 240.

“acute and chronic intravenous amphetamine poisoning”:
Robert H. Ferrell,
Ill Advised: Presidential Health and Public Trust.
Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1992, 156.

At Bobby’s urging:
Reeves,
Kennedy: Profile of Power
, 147, 243, 699n; John Whitcomb and Claire Whitcomb,
Real Life at the White House: Two Hundred Years of Daily Life at America’s Most Famous Residence.
New York: Routledge, 2000, 359.

Eisenhower had warned Kennedy:
Dallek,
An Unfinished Life
, 662; Otis L. Graham Jr. and Meghan Robinson Wander, eds.,
Franklin D. Roosevelt: His Life and Times: An Encyclopedic View
. Boston: Da Capo Press, 1985, 94–96; DDEL, Herter Papers, Meetings with the President, 1961; in FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. XXIV, Laos Crisis, Doc. 1, Memo of Conference with President Eisenhower, January 2, 1961.

In contrast to his predecessors:
Klein,
All Too Human
, 268;
New York Times
, 06/01/1961; O’Donnell and Powers, with McCarthy,
“Johnny, We Hardly Knew Ye,”
289; Beschloss,
The Crisis Years
, 184; Schlesinger,
A Thousand Days
, 350–351; JFKL,
Charles E. Bohlen OH
.

Safely back:
O’Donnell and Powers, with McCarthy,
“Johnny, We Hardly Knew Ye,”
289.

While Kennedy endured:
Sergei N. Khrushchev,
Creation of a Superpower
, 440.

Communist Party cells: Washington Post
, 06/28/1961.

“I believe Khrushchev”:
Department of State, Telegram from the Embassy in the Soviet Union to the Department of State, May 27, 1961, Central Files, 611.61/5-2761, Secret, Priority, Limit Distribution, in FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 79.

Without confidence, Thompson: New York Times
, 06/28/1961.

Khrushchev swelled with pride:
TASS Dispatches. N. Novikov, in
Pravda
, May 31 and June 2, 1961.

De Gaulle recalled how he had told the Soviet leader:
FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961–1962, Doc. 30, Memcon, Paris, May 31, 1961.

Kennedy doubted dealing:
FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961–1962, Doc. 30, Memcon, Paris, May 31, 1961.

In his comments, Kennedy:
John F. Kennedy.
Public Papers of the Presidents of the United States: John F. Kennedy—Containing the Public Messages, Speeches, and Statements of the President, 1961–1963
. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1962–1964, vol. 1, 423.

The view through long: Washington Post
, 06/02/1961.

Yet the star that evening: New York Times
, 06/02/1961.

During their “tub talk”:
O’Donnell and Powers, with McCarthy,
“Johnny, We Hardly Knew Ye,”
292.

Kennedy’s advance team:
Monika Sommer and Michaela Lindinger, eds.,
Die Augen der Welt auf Wien gerichtet: Gipfel 1961 Chruschtschow–Kennedy
. Innsbruck and Vienna: Katalog Wien Museum, 2005, 68;
Die Illustrierte Krone
, 06/03/1961, 06/04/1961;
Österreichische Neue Tageszeitung
, 06/03/1961, 06/04/1961.

The bald top:
O’Donnell and Powers, with McCarthy,
“Johnny, We Hardly Knew Ye,”
292–293; Dallek,
An Unfinished Life
, 404.

In chronicling the first: New York Times
, 06/04/1961.

The German intellectual paper:
“Die Gefangenen von Wien: Das Treffen der Zwei,”
Die Zeit
, 06/02/1961.

Viennese teenager:
Sommer/Lindinger.
Augen der Welt auf Wien: Gipfel 1961
.

Anticipating two long days:
FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 83, Memcon, Vienna, June 3, 1961; 12:45p.m.

In pre-summit conversations:
FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 76.

Continuing to disregard his experts’:
JFKL,
Robert F. Kennedy OH
.

“‘Miscalculation’! ‘Miscalculation’! ‘Miscalculation’!”:
Khrushchev’s reaction according to Kennedy’s own account, as quoted in Donald Kagan.
On the Origins of War and the Preservation of Peace
. New York: Anchor Books, 1996, 468–469; O’Donnell and Powers, with McCarthy,
“Johnny, We Hardly Knew Ye,”
295.