Berlin 1961 (82 page)

Khrushchev remained in full voice:
Beschloss,
The Crisis Years
, 197.

Khrushchev boasted about:
FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 84, Memcon, Vienna, June 3, 1961, Luncheon.

At the end of the lunch:
“Contest of Wills,”
Time
, 06/16/1961.

The two men’s after-meal:
FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 84, Memcon, Vienna, June 3, 1961, Luncheon.

“Don’t spread that story”:
Paul F. Boller,
Presidential Anecdotes
. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996, 302–303; O’Donnell and Powers, with McCarthy,
“Johnny, We Hardly Knew Ye,”
294.

Khrushchev raised his glass:
FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 84; Taubman,
Khrushchev
, 494; Beschloss,
The Crisis Years
, 189–191; Reeves,
Kennedy: Profile of Power
, 42–43, 669n; Hersh,
Dark Side of Camelot
, 234–237.

After lunch, Kennedy invited:
Dallek,
An Unfinished Life
, 406; FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 85, Memcon, Vienna, June 3, 1961, 3 p.m.

Kennedy’s friends O’Donnell:
Beschloss,
The Crisis Years
, 198–199; O’Donnell and Powers, with McCarthy,
“Johnny, We Hardly Knew Ye,”
296.

When the two men:
FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 85.

After a Soviet limo:
JFKL,
Llewellyn E. Thompson OH
; Beschloss,
The Crisis Years
, 205; Dallek,
An Unfinished Life
, 408.

Kennedy had reinforced:
Oleg Troyanovsky,
Cherez godi i rasstoiania: Istoriia odnoi semyi
. Moscow: Vagrius, 1997, 234.

In the years that followed:
Herbert Hoover Presidential Library (HHL). H. Hoover Papers, Oral History Transcripts,
Washington Tapes, 1965–1971: William L. Stearman OH
.

Mercifully, the U.S. embassy:
O’Donnell and Powers, with McCarthy,
“Johnny, We Hardly Knew Ye,”
293–294.

Dave Powers told the president:
O’Donnell and Powers, with McCarthy,
“Johnny, We Hardly Knew Ye,”
296.

“What did you expect”:
Dallek,
An Unfinished Life
, 406.

Kennedy told his friends:
Beschloss,
Crisis Years
, 199, 205; Taubman,
Khrushchev: The Man and His Era
, 497; O’Donnell and Powers, with McCarthy,
“Johnny, We Hardly Knew Ye,”
296.

On the one hand, Khrushchev:
Fursenko and Naftali,
Khrushchev’s Cold War
, 34.

It was Austria’s coming-out: Die Presse
, 06/01/1961;
Das Kleine Volksblatt
, 06/04/1961.

Aside from the fact:
Sommer and Lindinger,
Augen der Welt auf Wien: Gipfel 1961
, 73; “First Lady Wins Khrushchev Too,”
New York Times
, 06/04/1961.

“Mr. Khrushchev”:
Reeves,
Kennedy: Profile of Power
, 166.

Kennedy’s performance: Washington Post
, 06/04/1961; Reeves,
Kennedy: Profile of Power
, 166.

11.
VIENNA: THE THREAT OF WAR

“The U.S. is unwilling”:
FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 87, Memcon, p. 219.

“I never met a man”:
Hersh,
Dark Side of Camelot
, 253.

“I greet you”:
Sidey,
JFK
,
196
.

After some nine minutes:
Beschloss,
Crisis Years
, 209–211.

In the conference room:
FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 87, Memcon, Vienna, June 4, 1961, 10:15 a.m.

However, the Soviets would doctor:
O’Donnell and Powers, with McCarthy,
“Johnny, We Hardly Knew Ye,”
294.

Khrushchev said that even:
Norman Davies,
No Simple Victory: World War II in Europe, 1939–1945.
New York: Viking, 2007, 24.

With an actor’s sense:
U.S. Department of State,
Documents on Germany, 1944–1985
. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Historian, Bureau of Public Affairs, 729–732; also in Department of State Bulletin, August 7, 1961, 231–233.

Reuters correspondent Adam Kellett-Long:
Interview with Adam Kellett-Long, London, October 15–16, 2008.

From the upstairs window: New York Times
, 06/05/1961.

The two men conversed:
FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 88, Memcon, Vienna, June 4, 1961; Beschloss,
Crisis Years
, 220.

The gift Kennedy:
Sidey,
JFK
, 200.

With their two days of talks:
O’Donnell and Powers, with McCarthy,
“Johnny, We Hardly Knew Ye,”
297; Dallek,
An Unfinished Life
, 412.

When the president’s staff:
Beschloss,
The Crisis Years
, 220; O’Donnell and Powers, with McCarthy,
“Johnny, We Hardly Knew Ye,”
297; Sidey,
JFK
, 200.

Kennedy opened their last:
FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. V, Soviet Union, Doc. 88, Memcon, Vienna, June 4, 1961, 3:15 p.m.

The Berlin newspapers: Tagesspiegel
, 06/04/1961.

Fewer refugees registered: New York Times
, 06/04/1961;
Kurier
;
Österreichische Neue Tageszeitung
;
Neues Deutschland
.

Khrushchev knew he had won…The Soviet leader:
Nikita S. Khrushchev,
Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament
, 499.

After seeing off Kennedy:
Nikita S. Khrushchev,
Khrushchev Remembers: The Last Testament
, 500–501.

As he drove away:
Beschloss,
Crisis Years
, 224.

Kennedy carried with him:
DNSA, Soviet Translation of the Aide-Mémoire on Germany and Berlin, For Official Use Only, Cable, June 5, 1961, Berlin Crisis: BC02081.

No. Kennedy decided to leave:
O’Donnell and Powers, with McCarthy,
“Johnny, We Hardly Knew Ye,”
297; Pierre Salinger,
With Kennedy
. Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1966, 182.

“How was it?”:
John F. Stacks,
Scotty: James B. Reston and the Rise and Fall of American Journalism.
Boston: Little, Brown, 2003, 4, 198, 200.

Reston rightly concluded: New York Times
, 06/04/1961, 06/05/1961, 06/06/1961; Stacks,
Scotty
, 199.

Kennedy told Reston:
James Reston, JFK interview,
New York Times
, 06/05/1961; “Vienna Talks End,”
New York Times
, 06/05/1961; Salinger,
With Kennedy
, 181–182; David Halberstam,
The Best and Brightest
. New York: Modern Library, 2001, 85–86; O’Donnell and Powers, with McCarthy,
“Johnny, We Hardly Knew Ye,”
298; Taubman,
Khrushchev: The Man and His Era
, 495.

On the flight to London:
Heymann, C. David.
A Woman Named Jackie: An Intimate Biography of Jacqueline Bouvier Kennedy Onassis
. New York: Carol, 1994, 306.

“All wars start”:
O’Donnell and Powers, with McCarthy,
“Johnny, We Hardly Knew Ye,”
299.

Those who had worked:
Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training,
Interview with Kempton B. Jenkins, Foreign Affairs OH
. Interview conducted February 23, 1995 (copyright 1998 ADST), Box: 1 Fold: 34 Jenkins, Kempton B. (1951–1980): http://www.library.georgetown.edu/dept/speccoll/cl999.htm.

Speaking with O’Donnell:
O’Donnell and Powers, with McCarthy,
“Johnny, We Hardly Knew Ye,”
299–300.

British Prime Minister Macmillan:
Macmillan, Harold.
Pointing the Way, 1959–1961
, 355–359, 400; O’Brien,
JFK
, 550.

While they talked, U.S. officials:
FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961–1962, Doc. 34, Record of Conversation, London, June 5, 1961.

The British prime minister called off:
Beschloss,
The Crisis Years
, 226; O’Brien,
JFK
, 551, 888; Schlesinger,
A Thousand Days
, 374–377; Alistair Horne.
Harold Macmillan: 1957–1986. vol. 2
, 303–305.

“For the first time in his life”:
Macmillan.
Pointing the Way, 1959–1961
, 357.

Macmillan told Kennedy:
FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961–1962, Doc. 34.

Kennedy and Macmillan agreed to step up:
DNSA, Note of Points Made during the Private Conversation between Kennedy and Prime Minister Macmillan, June 8, 1961.

While flying back to the U.S.:
“1961 Man of the Year—John F. Kennedy,”
Time
, 01/05/1962.

Kennedy told his secretary:
Evelyn Lincoln,
My Twelve Years with John F. Kennedy.
New York: D. McKay, 1965, 274.

Bobby sat with his brother:
Hersh,
The Dark Side of Camelot
, 383.

Journalist Stewart Alsop: New York Herald Tribune
, 04/06/1961.

“I had the sense”:
JFKL,
Joseph W. Alsop OH
, no. 1, June 18, 1964.

East German leader:
Cate.
The Ides of August
, 24.

After badgering Khrushchev:
SED Archives, IfGA, ZPA, J IV, 2/202/129, Letter from Ulbricht to Khrushchev, June 1961, in Harrison, “Ulbricht and the Concrete ‘Rose,’” CWIHP Working Paper No. 5, 96–97, Appendix E.

Upon Khrushchev’s return:
Fursenko and Naftali,
Khrushchev’s Cold War
, 365–366.

“What liberals you’ve become”:
Fursenko and Naftali,
Khrushchev’s Cold War
, 365–366.

While Kennedy headed home: Washington Post
, 06/07/1961.

But on this occasion, Khrushchev: Washington Post
, 06/07/1961.

12.
ANGRY SUMMER

“The construction workers”: Neues Deutschland
, June 16, 1961.

“Somehow he does succeed”:
Acheson Letter to Truman, June 24, 1961 (courtesy David Acheson); Harry S. Truman Presidential Library (HSTL), Dean G. Acheson Papers, Acheson–Truman Correspondence File (1947–1971), 1961, Box 161.

“The issue over Berlin”:
FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961–1962, Doc. 49, Report by Dean Acheson, Washington, June 28, 1961.

The problem was that Ulbricht:
Gelb,
The Berlin Wall
, 97.

By the time Ulbricht marched in:
Gelb,
The Berlin Wall
, 98.

Timed to coincide with Khrushchev’s:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jLhYIqiJlEA;
Neues Deutschland
, June 16, 1961; DNSA, Summary of Walter Ulbricht’s Press Conference in East Berlin of June 15, Limited Official Use, Airgram, June 16, 1961, Berlin Crisis, BC02090.

It was Ulbricht’s first public mention:
Harrison,
Driving the Soviets up the Wall
, 180.

At six o’clock that evening:
Curtis Cate,
The Ides of August: The Berlin Wall Crisis, 1961
. New York: M. Evans, 1978, 64–65.

The term increasingly used:
“Newsfronts: In Berlin ‘Torschlusspanik,’”
Life
, July 28, 1961, 25.

The Acheson relationship to Kennedy:
Brinkley,
Dean Acheson
, 108–109.

Acheson regarded his job:
FRUS, 1969–1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1969–1962, Doc. 42, Record of Meeting of the Interdepartmental Coordinating Group on Berlin Contingency Planning, Washington, June 16, 1961; Robert Slusser,
The Berlin Crisis of 1961: Soviet–American Relations and the Struggle for Power in the Kremlin, June–November 1961.
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1973, 29; Catudal,
Kennedy and the Berlin Wall Crisis
, 138, 141.

Acheson’s hard line:
FRUS, 1961–1963, vol. XIV, Berlin Crisis, 1961–1962, Doc. 42.