B004R9Q09U EBOK (40 page)

1 Lucien Paul Victor Febvre and Henri Jean Martin,
The Coming of the Book: The Impact of Printing, 1450-1800
(London: Verso, 1990), 262.

2 Thomas Heywood,
Gunaikeion
, quoted in Nona Crook and Neil Rhodes, “The Daughters of Memory,” in Neil Rhode, ed.,
The Renaissance Computer
(London: Routledge, 2000), 135-147.

3 Ibid.

4 Ibid.

5 Crook and Rhodes, op. cit., 143.

6 Heywood, quoted in Ibid.

7 Ibid.

8 Crook and Rhodes, op. cit., 145.

9 Stockwell, op. cit., 89-90.

10 Stock, op. cit.

1 David G. Post, “Mr. Jefferson’s Moose and the Law of Cyberspace,”
FindLaw,
http://writ.news.findlaw.com/commentary/20000807_post.html
; accessed 7 December 2006.

2 Harriet Ritvo,
The Platypus and the Mermaid: And Other Figments of the Classifying Imagination
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997), 53.

3 Cf. Durkheim’s work on primitive classification (see
Chapter 2
).

4 Buffon’s “American Degeneracy” (Philadelphia, PA: Academy of Natural Sciences),
http://www.acnatsci.org/museum/jefferson/otherPages/degeneracy-03.php
; accessed 7 December 2006.

5 Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon,
Histoire Naturelle
, quoted in Ibid.

6 Thomas Jefferson, Letter to Dr. John Manners, February 22, 1814.

7 Ibid.

1 Edmund Lester Pearson, quoted in Matthew Battles,
Library: An Unquiet History
(New York: W. W. Norton, 2003), 14.

2 Battles, op. cit., 121-122.

3 Louis Fagan, quoted in Teresa Negrucci, “Historiography of Antonio Panizzi,” 2001,
http://www.gseis.ucla.edu/faculty/maack/Panizzi.doc
; accessed 7 December 2006.

4 Elaine Svenonius,
The Intellectual Foundation of Information Organization
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000), 3.

5 A. Wilson, quoted in Shirley Hyatt, “Developments in Cataloging and Metadata,” in G. E. Gorman and Daniel G. Dorner, eds.,
International Yearbook of Library and Information Management 2003-2004: Metadata Applications and Management
(London: Facet Publishing, 2003),
http://www.oclc.org/research/publications/archive/2003/hyatt.pdf
; accessed 7 December 2006.

6 Seymour Lubetzky, “The Vicissitudes of Ideology and Technology in Anglo-American Cataloging Since Panizzi and a Prospective Reformation of the Catalog for the Next Century,” in Elaine Svenonius and Dorothy McGarry, eds.,
Seymour Lubetzky: Writings on the Classical Art of Cataloging
(Englewood, CO: Libraries Unlimited, 2001), 423.

7 Panizzi, quoted in Battles, op. cit., 131.

8 Cutter, quoted in “Charles Ammi Cutter: A Biographical Sketch,” 2003,
http://us.geocities.com/curmudgeony_librarian/articles/cutter.html
; accessed 7 December 2006.

9 One of the first known card catalogs belonged to Edward Gibbon, who recorded the contents of his considerable private library on the backs of playing cards. French librarians developed the first institutional card catalogs in the 1700s. Smithsonian librarian Charles Jewett also envisioned a large distributed catalog with cards that could be shared between libraries.

10 Melvil Dewey, “Classification and Subject Index for Cataloguing and Arranging the Books and Pamphlets of a Library” (1876).

11 Ibid.

12 Cutter, quoted in
http://www.libsci.sc.edu/hoerman/clis702/classi2doc.html
; accessed 20 December 2006.

13 Ethel Johnson, quoted in Robert V. Williams, “The Documentation and Special Libraries Movements in the United States, 1910-1960,” in T. B. Hahn and M. Buckland, eds.,
Historical Studies in Information Science
(Medford, NJ: ASIS/Information Today, Inc., 1997), 174.

14 Aksel G. S. Josephson, quoted in Ibid., 173.

15 Guy E. Marion, quoted in Ibid., 174.

16 Charles Ammi Cutter, “The Buffalo Public Library in 1983,”
Library Journal
9-10(1883), 211-217.

1 W. Boyd Rayward, “The Case of Paul Otlet, Pioneer of Information Science, Internationalist, Visionary: Reflections on Biography,”
Journal of Librarianship and Information Science
23 (September 1991), 135-145.

2 Paul Otlet, quoted in translation by Francoise Levy,
The Man Who Wanted to Classify the World
[video] (Brussels: Sofidoc, 2002).

3 Universal Decimal Classification Consortium, “About Universal Decimal Classification and the UDC Consortium,” 2003,
http://www.udcc.org/about.htm
; accessed 7 December 2006.

4 Otlet, quoted in translation by Ron Day, “Paul Otlet’s Book and the Writing of Social Space,”
Journal of the American Society for Information Science
48(4) (1997), 310-317.

5 Bush’s prodigious resume included the invention of an early analog computer, stints as a vice president at MIT, president of the Carnegie Institution, chairman of the National Defense Council, founder of the National Science Foundation, and co-founder of Raytheon. During World War II, he served as a close advisor to President Roosevelt and played an instrumental role in the Manhattan Project.

6
Life
, 19 (September 10, 1945), 117.

7 Ted Nelson, “As We Will Think,” in James M. Nyce and Paul Kahn,
From Memex to Hypertext: Vannevar Bush and the Mind’s Machine
(San Diego, CA: Academic Press, 1991), 148.

8 James M. Nyce and Paul Kahn, “A Machine for the Mind: Vannevar Bush’s Memex,” in Nyce and Kahn, op. cit., 45-46.

9 Vannevar Bush, “The Inscrutable ‘Thirties,” in Nyce and Kahn, op. cit., 67.

10 Vannevar Bush, “Memex Revisited,” in Nyce and Kahn, op. cit., 201.

11 Michael Buckland,
Emanuel Goldberg and His Knowledge Machine: Information, Invention, and Political Forces
(Westport, CT: Libraries Unlimited, 2006).

12 Bush, quoted in Nyce and Kahn, “A Machine for the Mind,” in Nyce and Kahn, op. cit., 42.

13 Vannevar Bush, “As We May Think,”
The Atlantic Monthly
, July 1945,
http://www.theatlantic.com/doc/194507/bush
; accessed 7 December 2006.

14 Michael Buckland has suggested that the now-famous display depicted in Alfred D. Cimi’s drawing of the Memex in
Life
draws its inspiration from a real-life workstation already developed by Leonard G. Townsend in 1938.

15 Bush, “As We May Think,” op. cit.

16 Ibid.

17 Ibid.

18 Stigmergy is the process of altering external environments to introduce constraints on social behavior (see
Chapter 1
).

19 Microsoft’s MyLifeBits program and Texas A&M’s Walden’s Path project both attempt to apply Bush’s vision of path-based navigation to digital environments.

20 Bush, quoted in Nyce and Kahn, op. cit., 61.

21 Nelson, “As We Will Think,” op. cit., 148.

22 Bush, “Memex Revisited,” op. cit., 201.

23 Bush, quoted in Nyce and Kahn, op. cit., 62.

24 Bush, quoted in Nyce and Kahn, “The Idea of a Machine: The Later Memex Essays,” in Nyce and Kahn, op. cit., 135.

25 “Memex II” was originally slated to appear in
The Atlantic Monthly
, but a series of editorial disagreements and convoluted contractual disputes involving
Life
and
Fortune
ultimately precluded its publication. Bush himself felt that the essay was never quite complete. He later resurrected some of its themes in a subsequent essay, “Memex Revisited,” published in his 1967 book
Science Is Not Enough.

26 Sergey Brin and Larry Page, “The Anatomy of a Large-Scale Hypertextual Web Search Engine,” 1998,
http://www-db.stanford.edu/~backrub/google.html
; accessed 7 December 2006.

27 Paul Kahn, personal correspondence with Alex Wright, 6 April 2006.

28 Douglas Engelbart,
Augmenting Human Intellect
,
http://www.bootstrap.org/augdocs/friedewald030402/augmentinghumanintellect/ahi62index.html
; accessed 7 December 2006.

29 Ibid.

30 Ibid.

31 Ibid.

32 Theodor Holm Nelson,
Literary Machines 93.1
(Sausalito, CA: Mindful Press, 1992), 0/3.

33 James Gillies and Robert Cailliau,
How the Web Was Born: The Story of the World Wide Web
(Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 2000), 100.

34 Paul Kahn, personal correspondence, op. cit.

35 Nelson, quoted in Gillies and Cailliau, op. cit., 101.

36 Ted Nelson, speech at 1995 Vannevar Bush Symposium, quoted in Gillies and Cailliau, op. cit., 100.

37 Nelson,
Literary Machines 93.1
, op. cit., 1/24.

38 Ibid., 1/20.

39 Ibid., 1/11.

40 Theodor Holm Nelson,
Computer Lib/Dream Machines
(Chicago, IL: Nelson, 1974).

41 Nelson,
Literary Machines 93.1
, op. cit., 0/6.

42 Steven Carmody, Walter Gross, Theodor H. Nelson, David Rice, and Andries van Dam, “A Hypertext Editing System for the /360” in Faiman and Nievergelt, eds.,
Pertinent Concepts in Computer Graphics: Proceedings of the Second University of Illinois Conference on Computer Graphics
(Champaign, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1969), 291-330.

43 Steven J. DeRose and Andries van Dam, “Document Structure and Markup in the FRESS Hypertext System” in
Markup Languages
1(1), 7-32.

44 James V. Catano, “Poetry and Computers: Experimenting with the Communal Text,” in
Computers and the Humanities
, 13 (1979), 269-275.

45 Nicole Yankelovich, personal correspondence with Alex Wright, 7 April 2006.

46 George P. Landow, personal correspondence with Alex Wright, 19 March 2006.

47 George P. Landow,
Hypertext 2.0
(Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997), 55.

48 Ibid., 2.

49 Ibid., 73.

50 Ibid., 85.

51 Gregory Ulmer, quoted in Ibid., 59.

52 George P. Landow, personal correspondence with Alex Wright, 19 March 2006.

53 Ibid.

54
Enquire Within Upon Everything
, quoted in Gillies and Cailliau, op. cit., 169.

55 Theodor Holm Nelson, “I Don’t Buy In,”
http://ted.hyperland.com/buyin.txt
; accessed 8 January 2003.

56 MacKenzie Wark, quoted in Ben Vershbow, “Small Steps Toward an N-dimensional Reading/Writing Space,” Institute for the Future of the Book, 2006,
http://www.futureofthebook.org/blog/archives/2006/12/small_ steps_toward_an_n-dimensional.html
; accessed 19 December 2006.

1 One Laptop per Child,
http://www.laptop.org/
; accessed 20 December 2006.

2 Steven Pinker,
The Language Instinct
(New York: HarperPerennial, 1995).

3 UNESCO Education, 2003, “World Literacy in Brief,”
http://portal.unesco.org/education/en/ev.php-URL_ID=12874&URL_DO=DO_TOPIC&URL_SECTION=201.html
; accessed 13 March 2006.

4 Ong, op. cit., 8-9.

5 Ibid., 9.

6 Ibid., 87.

7 “Folksonomy” is a term coined by Thomas Vander Wal, 2004,
http://atomiq.org/archives/2004/08/folksonomy_social_classification.html
; accessed 21 December 2006.

8 Davis S. Alberts and Richard E. Hayes,
Power to the Edge: Command … Control … in the Information Age
(Washington, DC: CCRP Publication Series, 2003).

9 John Seely Brown and Paul Duguid,
The Social Life of Information
(Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 2000), 170.

10 Kelly, op. cit., 45.

11 Francis Fukuyama,
The Great Disruption
(New York: Touchstone, 2000).

12 John Markoff,
What the Doormouse Said: How the 60s Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer
(New York: Viking, 2005).