Anatomy of an Epidemic (59 page)

65.
C. Beasley, “Efficacy of olanzapine,”
Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
58, suppl. 10 (1997): 7–12.

66.
“Psychosis drug from Eli Lilly racks up gains,”
Wall Street Journal
, April 14, 1998.

67.
“A new drug for schizophrenia wins approval from the FDA,”
New York Times
, October 2, 1996.

68.
“Schizophrenia, close-up of the troubled brain,”
Parade
, November 21, 1999.

69.
“Mental illness aid,”
Chicago Tribune
, June 4, 1999.

70.
“Lives recovered,”
Los Angeles Times
, January 30, 1996.

71.
P. Weiden,
Breakthroughs in Antipsychotic Medications
(New York: W.W. Norton, 1999), 26

72.
Wall Street Journal
, “Psychosis drug from Eli Lilly.”

73.
“High Anxiety,”
Consumer Reports
.

74.
J. Lieberman, “Effectiveness of antipsychotic drugs in patients with schizophrenia,”
New England Journal of Medicine
(2005): 1209–33.

75.
L. Davies, “Cost-effectiveness of first-v. second-generation antipsychotic drugs.”
British Journal of Psychiatry
191 (2007): 14–22.

76.
P. Tyrer, “The spurious advance of antipsychotic drug therapy,”
Lancet
373 (2009): 4–5.

77.
Interview with Peter Breggin, October 10, 2008.

78.
Healy interview on CBS News and
Current Affairs
, June 12, 2001.

79.
D. Healy, “Psychopharmacology and the government of the self,” talk given November 30, 2000, at the University of Toronto.

80.
E-mail from David Goldbloom to David Healy, December 7, 2000.

81.
Interview with Healy by e-mail, July 4, 2009.

82.
Memo from Larry Carpman to Steve Kurkjian, April 11, 2000.

83.
“Science News from 2007,” NIMH website, accessed on July 2, 2009.

84.
NIMH press release, July 20, 2007.

85.
J. Sharkey, “Delusions; paranoia is universal,”
New York Times
, August 2, 1998.

86.
Search of NAMI website on July 7, 2009.

87.
R. Hales,
The American Psychiatric Publishing Textbook of Psychiatry
(Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2008).

1.
D. Carlat, “Dr. Drug Rep,”
New York Times
, November 25, 2007.

2.
NAMI IRS 990 Form, 2000.

3.
B. Koerner, “First you market the disesase, then you push the pills to treat it,”
Guardian
, July 30, 2002.

4.
E. Tanouye, “Antidepressant makers study kids’ market,”
Wall Street Journal
, April 4, 1997.

5.
B. Strauch, “Use of antidepression medicine for young patients has soared,”
New York Times
, August 10, 1997.

6.
Tanouye, “Antidepressant makers.”

7.
Deposition of Joseph Biederman in legal case of
Avila v. Johnson & Johnson Co.
, February 26, 2009, pages 139, 231, 232, 237.

8.
J. Biederman, “Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and juvenile mania,”
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
35 (1996): 997–1008.

9.
Deposition of Joseph Biederman, p. 158.

10.
Margaret Williams, report on a sales call, May 17, 2002.

11.
J. J. Zorc, “Expenditures for psychotropic medications in the United States in 1985,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
148 (1991): 644–47

12.
“Top therapeutic classes by U.S. sales, 2008,” IMS Health.

13.
S. Giled, “Better but not best,”
Health Affairs
28 (2009): 637–48.

14.
These calculations are based on Eli Lilly’s annual 10-K reports filed with the SEC from 1987 to 2000. Capitalization figures for 1987 and 2000 are based on prices in the fourth quarter of each year.

15.
J. Pereira, “Emory professor steps down,”
Wall Street Journal
, December 23, 2008.

16.
C. Schneider, “Emory psychiatrist reprimanded over outside work,”
Atlanta Journal-Constitution
, June 11, 2009.

17.
G. Harris, “Radio host has drug company ties,”
New York Times
, November 22, 2008.

18.
GlaxoSmithKline internal memo, “Seroxat/Paxil adolescent depression. Position piece on the phase III studies,” October 1998.

19.
M. Keller, “Efficacy of paroxetine in the treatment of adolescent major depression,”
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
40 (2001): 762–72.

20.
E. Ramshaw, “Senator questions doctors’ ties to drug companies,”
Dallas Morning News
, September 24, 2008.

21.
L. Kowalczyk, “US cites Boston psychiatrist in case vs. drug firm,”
Boston Globe
, March 6, 2009.

22.
G. Harris, “Lawmaker calls for registry of drug firms paying doctors,”
New York Times
, August 4, 2007.

23.
G. Harris, “Researchers fail to reveal full drug pay,”
New York Times
, June 8, 2008.

24.
Avila v. Johnson & Johnson
, deposition of Joseph Biederman, February 26, 2009, 119.

25.
J. Biederman,
Annual Report 2002: The Johnson & Johnson Center for Pediatric Psychopathology at the Massachusetts General Hospital
.

26.
J. Olson, “Drug makers step up giving to Minnesota psychiatrists,”
Pioneer Press
, August 27, 2007.

27.
Margaret Williams, reports on sales calls, April 20, 2001, and April 8, 2002.

28.
Eli Lilly grant registry, 2009, 1st quarter.

29.
E. Mundell, “U.S. spending on mental health care soaring,”
HealthDay
, August 6, 2009.

30.
T. Mark, “Mental health treatment expenditure trends, 1986–2003,”
Psychiatric Services
58 (2007): 1041–48. Seven percent of national health expenditures in 2008 went to mental health services; by 2015, this figure is expected to rise to 8 percent. Data on national health expenditures in 2008, and projected expenditures in 2015, are from the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

1.
MindFreedom, “Original statement by the fast for freedom in mental health,” July 28, 2003.

2.
Letter from James Scully to David Oaks, August 12, 2003.

3.
Letter from MindFreedom scientific panel to James Scully, August 22, 2003.

4.
APA statement on “diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders,” September 26, 2003.

5.
Letter from MindFreedom scientific panel to James Scully, December 15, 2003.

6.
Interview with David Oaks, October 4, 2009.

7.
J. Modrow,
How to Become a Schizophrenic
(Seattle: Apollyon Press, 1992), ix.

8.
Interview with David Healy in Bangor, Wales, September 4, 2009.

9.
D. Healy, “Psychiatric bed utilization,”
Psychological Medicine
31 (2001): 779–90;
D. Healy, “Service utilization in 1896 and 1996,”
History of Psychiatry
16 (2005): 37–41. Also, Healy, unpublished data on readmission rates for first-episode psychosis, 1875–1924, and 1994–2003.

10.
Interviews with Yrjö Alanen, Jukka Aaltonen, and Viljo Räkköläinen in Turku, Finland, September 7, 2009.

11.
V. Lehtinen, “Two-year outcome in first-episode psychosis treated according to an integrated model,”
European Psychiatry
15 (2000): 312–20.

12.
Interview with Jaakko Seikkula in Jyväskylä, Finland, September 9, 2009.

13.
J. Seikkula, “Five year experience of first-episode nonaffective psychosis in open-dialogue approach,”
Psychotherapy Research
16 (2006): 214–28. Also see: J. Seikkula, “A two-year follow-up on open dialogue treatment in first episode psychosis,”
Society of Clinical Psychology
10 (2000): 20–29; J. Seikkula, “Open dialogue, good and poor outcome,”
Journal of Constructivist Psychology
14 (2002): 267–86; J. Seikkula, “Open dialogue approach: treatment principles and preliminary results of a two-year follow-up on first episode schizophrenia,”
Ethical Human Sciences Services
5 (2003): 163–82.

14.
Interviews with staff at Keropudas Hospital in Tornio, Finland, September 10 and 11, 2009.

15.
Outcomes for 2002–2006 study and for spending in western Lapland on psychiatric services from interviews with Jaakko Seikkula and Birgitta Alakare. See also the published papers by Seikkula, op. cit.

16.
J. Cullberg, “Integrating intensive psychosocial therapy and low dose medical treatment in a total material of first episode psychotic patients compared to treatment as usual,”
Medical Archives
53 (1999): 167–70.

17.
W. Buchan,
Domestic Medicine
(Boston: Otis, Broaders, and Co., 1846), 307.

18.
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence, “Depression,” December 2004.

19.
Interview with Andrew McCulloch in London, September 3, 2009.

20.
F. Dimeo, “Benefits from aerobic exercise in patients with major depression,”
British Journal of Sports Medicine
35 (2001): 114–17; K. Knubben, “A randomized, controlled study on the effects of a short-term endurance training programme in patients with major depression,”
British Journal of Sports Medicine
41 (2007): 29–33; A. Ströhle, “Physical activity, exercise, depression and anxiety disorders,”
Journal of Neural Transmission
116 (2009): 777–84.

21.
J. Blumenthal, “Effects of exercise training on older patients with major depression,”
Archives of Internal Medicine
159 (1999): 2349–56.

22.
Ibid.

23.
Interviews with Tony Stanton and staff at Seneca Center in San Leandro, California, July 13 and 14, 2009.

24.
Interviews with Keith Scott and Chris Gordon, Framingham, Massachusetts, October 1, 2009.

25.
Ibid.

26.
Interview with Jim Gottstein in Anchorage, Alaska, May 10, 2009.

27.
M. Ford, “The psychiatrist’s double bind,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
137 (1980): 332–39.

28.
Myers v. Alaska Psychiatric Institute
, Alaska Supreme Court No. S-11021.

29.
Interview with Susan Musante in Anchorage, Alaska, May 10, 2009.

1.
E. Whipple,
Character and Characteristic Men
(Boston: Ticknor & Fields, 1866), 1.

As I began reporting this book, I reached out to leaders of various “consumer” groups for help in locating “patients” to interview. I wanted to find people with different diagnoses and of various ages, and before long I had a list of more than 100 people willing to tell me their stories. I am deeply grateful to all those who helped me find patients to interview, and to all of those who spoke to me about their lives. In addition to those named in the book, I want to thank the following people: Camille Santoro, Jim Rye, Sara Sternberg, Monica Cassani, Brenda Davis, Lauren Tenney, Cheryl Stevens, Ellen Liversidge, Howard Trachtman, Jennifer Kinzie, Kathryn Cascio, Shauna Reynolds, Maggie McClure, Renee LaPlume, Chaya Grossberg, Lyle Murphy, Oryx Cohen, Will Hall, Evelyn Kaufman, Dianne Dragon, Melissa Parker, Amanda Green, Nicki Glasser, Stan Cavers, Cindy Votto, Eva Dech, Dennis Whetsel, Diana Petrakos, Bert Coffman, Janice Sorensen, Joe Carson, Rich Winkel, Pat Risser, Susan Hoffman, Les Cook, Amy Philo, Benjamin Bassett, Antti Seppala, Chris LaBrusciano, Kermit Cole, David Oaks, Darby Penney, and Michael Gilbert.

At every turn, the people I interviewed were extraordinarily gracious with their time. In Syracuse, Gwen Oates, Sean Oates,
Jason Smith, and Kelley Smith welcomed me into their homes. In California, Tony Stanton organized two days of interviews with administrators, staff, and children at the Seneca Center. Throughout this project, David Healy answered my inquiries, and when I interviewed him in North Wales, he and his wife, Helen, proved to be gracious hosts. The architects of Open Dialogue therapy in Finland collectively spent a week with me. I’m deeply indebted to Yrjö Alanen, Jaakko Seikkula, and Birgitta Alakare for making my trip there possible, and to Tapio Salo and his family for a wonderful evening of conversation in Tornio.

As I worked on this book, I regularly drew sustenance from friends and family. Thanks to Jang-Ho Cha, I was able to attend a brain-cutting seminar at Massachusetts General Hospital. Matt Miller, an associate professor at the Harvard School of Public Health, proved to be an invaluable sounding board for thinking about how medical therapies are evaluated and assessed. Cynthia Frawley, my next-door office “neighbor,” drew the many charts that grace the book. And thanks to Joe Layden, Winnie Yu, and Chris Ringwald for our regular conversations about the ups and downs of the writer’s life.

This is my fourth book, and I am now more convinced than ever that writing a book—from the moment of first conception to the day of publication—is best described as a collective enterprise. My agent, Theresa Park, helped me shape the proposal and provided me with invaluable guidance as I worked on the project. My editor, Sean Desmond, pushed me to broaden the book’s scope and its narrative arc, and when it came time to edit the manuscript, he improved it in innumerable ways. Every writer should be so lucky to have an agent as supportive as Theresa Park and an editor as talented as Sean Desmond. I am also indebted to Rick Willett for his skillful copyediting; to Laura Duffy for her eye-catching cover; to SongHee Kim for her wonderful layout; to Stephanie Chan for her diligent management of the project; and to the many others at Crown who contributed their talents to this book. And finally, I am deeply grateful to Tina Constable for believing that the history told in
Anatomy of an Epidemic
is one that deserves to be known.