Anatomy of an Epidemic (57 page)

17.
T. Davy, “Stimulant medication and short attention span,”
Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics
10 (1989): 313–18.

18.
D. Granger, “Perceptions of methylphenidate effects on hyperactive children’s peer interactions,”
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology
21 (1993): 535–49.

19.
J. Swanson, “Effects of stimulant medication on learning in children with ADHD,”
Journal of Learning Disabilities
24 (1991): 219–30.

20.
Breggin,
Talking Back to Ritalin
, 92.

21.
J. Richters, “NIMH Collaborative Multisite Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD,”
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
34 (1995): 987–1000.

22.
T. Spencer, “Pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder across the life cycle,”
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
35 (1996): 409–32.

23.
E. Sleator, “How do hyperactive children feel about taking stimulants and will they tell the doctor?”
Clinical Pediatrics
21 (1982): 474–79.

24.
D. Jacobvitz, “Treatment of attentional and hyperactivity problems in children with sympathomimetic drugs,”
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
29 (1990): 677–88.

25.
A. Sroufe, “Treating problem children with stimulant drugs,”
New England Journal of Medicine
289 (1973): 407–13.

26.
Ibid.

27.
Rie, “Effects of methylphenidate.”

28.
R. Barkley, “Do stimulant drugs improve the academic performance of hyperkinetic children?”
Clinical Pediatrics
8 (1978): 137–46.

29.
Swanson, “Effects of stimulant medication.”

30.
C. Whalen, “Stimulant pharmacotherapy for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders,” in S. Fishberg and R. Greenberg, eds.,
From Placebo to Panacea
(New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997), 329.

31.
R. Schachar, “Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder,”
Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
47 (2002): 337–48.

32.
Whalen, “Stimulant pharmacotherapy,” 327.

33.
P. Breggin, “Psychostimulants in the treatment of children diagnosed with ADHD,”
International Journal of Risk & Safety in Medicine
12 (1993): 3–35.

34.
Ibid.

35.
Richters, “NIMH Collaborative Multisite.”

36.
P. Jensen, “3-year follow-up of the NIMH MTA study,”
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
46 (2007): 989–1002. See chart on page 997 for medication use.

37.
The MTA Cooperative Group, “A 14-month randomized clinical trial of treatment strategies for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
56 (1999): 1073–86.

38.
Jensen, “3-year follow-up.”

39.
B. Molina, “Delinquent behavior and emerging substance use in the MTA at 36 months,”
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
46 (2007): 1028–39.

40.
B. Molina, “MTA at 8 years,”
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
48 (2009): 484–500.

41.
C. Miranda, “ADHD drugs could stunt growth,”
Daily Telegraph
(UK), November 12, 2007.

42.
Breggin,
Talking Back to Ritalin;
K. Bolla, “The neuropsychiatry of chronic cocaine abuse,”
Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences
10 (1998): 280–89.

43.
S. Castner, “Long-lasting psychotomimetic consequences of repeated low-dose amphetamine exposure in rhesus monkeys,”
Neuropsychopharmacology
20 (1999): 10–28.

44.
W. Carlezon, “Enduring behavioral effects of early exposure to methylphenidate in rats,”
Biological Psychiatry
54 (2003): 1330–37.

45.
C. Bolanos, “Methylphenidate treatment during pre- and periadolescence alters behavioral responses to emotional stimuli at adulthood,”
Biological Psychiatry
54 (2003): 1317–29.

46.
J. Zito, “Rising prevalence of antidepressants among US youths,”
Pediatrics
109 (2002): 721–27.

47.
R. Fisher,
From Placebo to Panacea
(New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1997), 309.

48.
T. Delate, “Trends in the use of antidepressants in a national sample of commercially insured pediatric patients, 1998 to 2002,”
Psychiatric Services
55 (2004): 387–91.

49.
Editorial, “Depressing research,”
Lancet
363 (2004): 1335.

50.
T. Laughren, Memorandum, “Background comments for Feb. 2, 2004 meeting of psychopharmacological drugs advisory committee,” January 5, 2004. Accessed at
fda.gov
.

51.
J. Leo, “The SSRI trials in children,”
Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry
8 (2006): 29–41.

52.
C. Whittington, “Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in childhood depression,”
Lancet
363 (2004): 1341–45.

53.
Editorial, “Depressing research,”
Lancet
363 (2004): 1335.

54.
J. Jureidini, “Efficacy and safety of antidepressants for children and adolescents,”
British Medical Journal
(2004): 879–83.

55.
T. Wilens, “A systematic chart review of the nature of psychiatric adverse events in children and adolescents treated with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors,”
Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology
13 (2003): 143–52.

56.
T. Gualtieri, “Antidepressant side effects in children and adolescents,”
Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology
16 (2006): 147–57.

57.
P. Breggin,
Brain-Disabling Treatments in Psychiatry
(New York: Springer Publishing Company, 2008), 153.

58.
D. Papolos,
The Bipolar Child
(New York: Broadway Books, 2000), xiv.

59.
C. Moreno, “National trends in the outpatient diagnosis and treatment of bipolar disorder in youth,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
64 (2007): 1032–39.

60.
J. Kluger, “Young and Bipolar,”
Time
, August 19, 2002.

61.
L. Lurie, “Psychoses in children,”
Journal of Pediatrics
36 (1950): 801–9.

62.
Ibid.

63.
B. Hall, “Our present knowledge about manic-depressive states in childhood,”
Nervous Child
9 (1952): 319–25.

64.
J. Anthony, “Manic-depressive psychosis in childhood,”
Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
1 (1960): 53–72.

65.
W. Weinberg, “Mania in childhood,”
American Journal of Diseases of Childhood
130 (1976): 380–85.

66.
R. DeLong, “Lithium carbonate treatment of select behavior disorders in children suggesting manic-depressive illness,”
Journal of Pediatrics
93 (1978): 689–94.

67.
M. Strober, “Bipolar illness in adolescents with major depression,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
39 (1982): 549–55.

68.
P. Lewinsohn, “Bipolar disorders in a community sample of older adolescents,”
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
34 (1995): 454–63.

69.
G. Carlson, “Manic symptoms in psychiatrically hospitalized children—what do they mean?”
Journal of Affective Disorders
51 (1998): 123–35.

70.
J. Kluger, “Young and Bipolar.”

71.
D. Janowsky, “Proceedings: effect of intravenous d-amphetamine, l-amphetamine and methylphenidate in schizophrenics,”
Psychopharmacology Bulletin
19 (1974): 15–24.

72.
E. Cherland, “Psychotic side effects of psychostimulants,”
Canadian Journal of Psychiatry
44 (1999): 811–13.

73.
K. Gelperin, “Psychiatric adverse events associated with drug treatment of ADHD,” FDA, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, March 3, 2006.

74.
D. Papolos, “Bipolar disorder, co-occuring conditions, and the need for extreme caution before initiating drug treatment,”
Bipolar Child Newsletter
1 (November 1999).

75.
M. DelBello, “Prior stimulant treatment in adolescents with bipolar disorder,”
Bipolar Disorders
3 (2001): 53–57.

76.
J. Biederman, “Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and juvenile mania,”
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
35 (1996): 997–1008.

77.
J. Jain, “Fluoxetine in children and adolescents with mood disorders,”
Journal of Child & Adolescent Psychopharmacology
2 (1992): 259–65.

78.
G. Emslie, “A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of fluoxetine in children and adolescents with depression,”
Archives of General Psychiatry
54 (1997): 1031–37.

79.
P. Breggin,
The Anti-Depressant Fact Book
(Cambridge, MA: Perseus Publishing, 2001), 116.

80.
A. Martin, “Age effects on antidepressant-induced manic conversion,”
Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine
158 (2004): 773–80.

81.
G. Faedda, “Pediatric onset bipolar disorder,”
Harvard Review of Psychiatry
3 (1995): 171–95.

82.
B. Geller, “Bipolar disorder at prospective follow-up of adults who had prepubertal major depressive disorder,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
158 (2001): 125–27.

83.
D. Cicero, “Antidepressant exposure in bipolar children,”
Psychiatry
66 (2003): 317–22.

84.
D. Papolos, “Antidepressant-induced adverse effects in juvenile-onset bipolar
disorder,” paper presented at the Fifth International Conference on Bipolar Disorder, June 12–14, 2003, Pittsburgh, PA.

85.
G. Faedda, “Pediatric bipolar disorder,”
Bipolar Disorders
6 (2004): 305–13.

86.
M. Hellander, “Children with bipolar disorder,”
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
38 (1999): 495.

87.
H. Marano, “Crisis on the campus,”
Psychology Today
, May 2, 2002.

88.
C. Reichart, “Earlier onset of bipolar disorder in children by antidepressants or stimulants,”
Journal of Affective Disorders
78 (2004): 81–84. Also see abstracts presented at the Fourth International Conference on Bipolar Disorder in Pittsburgh, June 2001.

89.
B. Geller, “Child and adolescent bipolar disorder,”
Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry
36 (1997): 1168–76.

90.
Papolos, “Antidepressant-induced adverse effects.”

91.
G. Faedda, “Treatment-emergent mania in pediatric bipolar disorder,”
Journal of Affective Disorders
(82): 149–58.

92.
R. Perlis, “Long-term implications of early onset in bipolar disorder,”
Biological Psychiatry
55 (2004): 875–81.

93.
B. Birmaher, “Course and outcome of bipolar spectrum disorder in children and adolescents,”
Development and Psychopathology
18 (2006): 1023–35.

94.
M. DelBello, “Twelve-month outcome of adolescents with bipolar disorder following first hospitalization for a manic or mixed episode,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
164 (2007): 582–90.

95.
T. Goldstein, “Psychosocial functioning among bipolar youth,”
Journal of Affective Disorders
114 (2009): 174–83.

96.
B. Geller, “Two-year prospective follow-up of children with a prepubertal and early adolescent bipolar disorder phenotype,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
159 (2002): 927–33.

97.
“Hayes says new treatments for pediatric bipolar disorder not ready for prime time” (December 3, 2008 press release), accessed at
hayesinc.com
, August 2, 2009.

98.
Social Security Administration, annual statistical reports on the SSI program, 1996–2008;
Social Security Bulletin, Annual Statistical Supplement
, 1988–1992.

99.
Pediatric Academic Societies, “Pediatric psychiatry admissions on the rise,” May 16, 2000, press release.

100.
D. Satcher,
Report of Surgeon General’s Conference on Children’s Mental Health
(U.S. Dept. of Health and Human Services, 2001).

101.
B. Whitford, “Depression, eating disorders and other mental illnesses are on the rise,”
Newsweek
, August 27, 2008.

102.
U.S. Government Accountability Office, “Young adults with serious mental illness” (June 2008).

1.
J. Zito, “Psychotropic medication patterns among youth in foster care,”
Pediatrics
121 (2008): 157–63.

1.
C. Ross,
Pseudoscience in Psychiatry
(New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1995).

2.
G. Klerman, “A debate on DSM-III,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
141 (1984): 539–42.

3.
M. Sabshin, “Report of the medical director,”
American Journal of Psychiatry
137 (1980): 1308.

4.
See blurbs for second edition of
The Myth of Mental Illness
, published by Harper & Row in 1974.

5.
B. Nelson, “Psychiatry’s anxious years,”
New York Times
, November 2, 1982.

6.
D. Adler, “The medical model and psychiatry’s tasks,”
Hospital and Community Psychiatry
32 (1981): 387–92.

7.
Sabshin, “Report of the medical director.”

8.
Nelson, “Psychiatry’s anxious years.”