An Introduction to Islamic Law (50 page)

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Authors: Wael B. Hallaq

Tags: #Law, #General, #Jurisprudence, #History, #Middle East, #Religion, #Islam, #International, #Political Science, #Social Science, #Sociology

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1874
The promulgation, in the Ottoman Empire, of the Law of the Shari
a Judiciary.
1874–75
The promulgation in Egypt of the Civil Code, the Penal Code, the Commercial Code, the Code of Maritime Commerce, the Code of Civil and Commercial Procedure, and the Code of Criminal Procedure (all of which greatly influenced by French law).
1875
The promulgation of the Indian Law Reports Act.
1875
The establishment of the Mixed Courts in Egypt.
1876
The establishment in Istanbul of the first modern law school.
1880
Code of Civil Procedure enacted in the Ottoman Empire.
1880–1937
Shari
a in Indonesia is restricted by the Dutch to family law, with the exception of
waqf
in Sumatra.
1881
Code de l’indigénat
enacted in French Algeria, and applied until 1927.
1906
Iran adopts a new constitution.
1916
Code Morand
promulgated in French Algeria.
1917
Ottoman Law of Family Rights enacted.
1923
Turkey declares itself a republic.
1924
Atatürk abolishes the caliphate.
1925–42
Rule of Reza Shah Pahlavi in Iran and the beginning of a major wave of legal reforms.
1926
Last purge of the Shari
a in Kemalist Turkey.
1927
The Code of Civil Procedure and the Code of Judicial Organization promulgated in Iran.
1928
The birth of the Muslim Brothers’ movement in Egypt.
1929
Indian Child Marriage Restraint Act promulgated.
1931
The Act of Marriage promulgated in Iran.
1935
A new civil code in Iran.
1937
The Dutch enact new laws to regulate
waqf
s in Indonesia.
1945
Adoption of a constitution in Indonesia.
1947
Pakistan declares its independence.
1949
Mixed Courts abolished in Egypt.
1949
Adoption of the Objectives Resolution in Pakistan.
1949
A new civil code in Syria.
1949
Death of Hasan al-Banna, the founder of the Muslim Brothers in Egypt.
1950–
The Muslim Brothers spread their influence to Jordan, Syria, Sudan, Iran, Malaysia and elsewhere in the Muslim world.
1951
A new civil code in Iraq.
1951
Law of Family Rights enacted in Jordan.
1952
Law No. 180 (abolishing family
waqf
s) enacted in Egypt.
1955
Law No. 462 enacted, abolishing Shari
a courts in Egypt.
1956
The Code of Personal Status promulgated in Tunisia.
1956
The promulgation of the Constitution in Pakistan.
1958–69
The presidency of Muhammad Ayyub Khan in Pakistan.
1959
The Code of Personal Status promulgated in Iraq.
1961
Muslim Family Laws Ordinance promulgated in Pakistan.
1963–93
Azhar University expands dramatically.
1964
Adoption of a new constitution in Algeria.
1966
Sayyid Qutb, ideologue of the Muslim Brothers, executed by the Nasser regime.
1967
Family Protection Act promulgated in Iran.
1969
The Supreme Court in Egypt renamed the Supreme Constitutional Court.
1973
The adoption of a new Constitution in Pakistan.
1973
A Constitution adopted in Syria.
1974
A marriage law enacted in Indonesia.
1975
The Family Protection Act amended in Iran.
1975
The Syrian Law of Personal Status amended.
1977–88
The presidency of Zia al-Haqq in Pakistan.
1979
The Islamic Revolution in Iran; the adoption of a new Constitution.
1979
Law No. 44 (Jihan’s Law) promulgated in Egypt.
1980–96
A number of changes introduced to the criminal code in Iran.
1985
Law No. 100, replacing Jihan’s Law of 1979.
1989
Law No. 7 enacted in Indonesia (for the unification of Shari
a courts).
1989
The Iranian Constitution amended, expanding presidential powers.
1991
Enactment of the Compilation of Islamic Law in Indonesia (Kompilasi Hukum Islam di Indonesia).
1992
Law of Personal Status (No. 20) promulgated in Yemen.
1996
A new constitution adopted in Algeria, repealing its 1976 predecessor.
2000
The Procedure of General and Revolutionary Courts promulgated.
2003
Iranian Civil Code promulgated.
2003–07
A major wave of legislative enactments in occupied Iraq.
Suggested further reading
Those who wish to pursue the study of Islamic law may follow a certain order in reading works listed here. Numbers found between square, bold brackets at the end of each entry indicate the sequence in which the reference may be read. It is highly recommended that these works be read along the sequence of this book’s chapters, covering first the group of works numbered 1, then, again from the beginning, group 2, and so forth until group 5.
In grading the readings on a scale of five, the factors of accessibility and scope of subject matter were taken into account. Those references that are more technical in nature or do not deal with core areas in the field of Islamic law have been assigned higher numbers. Items with hyphenated numbers (e.g.,
[3–4]
) are mostly collective works or works of wide coverage that may be relevant to more than one level of reading. Finally, the first five books, with the partial exception of Hodgson’s
Venture
, deal relatively little with the Shari
a, but offer excellent background information for the levels indicated.
GENERAL SOCIAL AND POLITICAL HISTORIES
 
Hodgson
,
Marshall G. S.
,
Rethinking World History: Essays on Europe, Islam, and World History
(
Cambridge and New York
:
Cambridge University Press
,
1993
). Almost indispensable for understanding modern developments.
[4]
Hodgson
,
Marshall G. S.
,
The Venture of Islam
, 3 vols. (
Chicago
:
University of Chicago Press
,
1974
).
[3]
Hourani
,
Albert
,
A History of the Arab Peoples
(
Cambridge, MA
:
The Belknap Press
,
1991
).
[1]
Lapidus
,
Ira M.
,
A History of Islamic Societies
(
Cambridge and New York
:
Cambridge University Press
,
1988
).
[1]
Marcus
,
Abraham
,
The Middle East on the Eve of Modernity: Aleppo in the Eighteenth Century
(
New York
:
Columbia University Press
,
1989
).
[2]
GENERAL WORKS ON ISLAMIC LAW AND ITS EARLY HISTORY
 
Calder
,
Norman
, “
Law
,” in
Seyyed Hossein
Nasr
and
O.
Leaman
, eds.,
History of Islamic Philosophy
, vol. 1 (
London and New York
:
Routledge
,
1996
),
979
–98.
[2]
Cohen
,
H. J.
, “
The Economic Background and Secular Occupations of Muslim Jurisprudents and Traditionists in the Classical Period of Islam (until the
Middle of the Eleventh Century)
,”
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
(January
1970
):
16
–61.
[1]
Glenn
,
Patrick H.
,
Legal Traditions of the World: Sustainable Diversity in Law
(
Oxford and New York
:
Oxford University Press
,
2000
). At times inaccurate in its single-chapter treatment of Islamic law, but gives an excellent comparative perspective.
[1]
Hallaq
,
Wael B.
, “
The Authenticity of Prophetic Hadith: A Pseudo-Problem
,”
Studia Islamica
,
89
(
1999
):
75
–90.
[2]
Hallaq
,
Wael B.
,
The Origins and Evolution of Islamic Law
, in
W.
Hallaq
, series ed., Themes in Islamic Law 1 (
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
,
2005
).
[1]
Hallaq
,
Wael B.
,
Shari
a: Theory, Practice, Transformations
(
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
,
2009
).
[2–3]
Khadduri
,
M.
and
H. J.
Liebesny
, eds.,
Law in the Middle East
(
Washington, DC
:
Middle East Institute
,
1955
),
chapters 1

5
.
[1]
Weiss
,
Bernard G.
,
The Spirit of Islamic Law
(
Athens and London
:
University of Georgia Press
,
1998
).
[2]
Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law
, ed.
E.
Cotran
et al
., vols. 1–8 (
The Hague
:
Kluwer Law International
,
1995
–2003); vols. 9–12 (Leiden: Brill, 2004–8). A good source to follow important legal developments in North African and Middle Eastern countries.
[5]
Zubaida
,
Sami
,
Islam, the People and the State: Essays on Political Ideas and Movements in the Middle East
(
London and New York
:
Routlege
,
1989
).
[3]
Zubaida
,
Sami
,
Law and Power in the Islamic World
(
London and New York
:
I. B. Tauris
,
2003
).
[2]
CHAPTER 1
 
Hallaq
,
Wael
,
Authority, Continuity and Change in Islamic Law
(
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
,
2001
), 1–23, 166–235.
[4–5]
Masud
,
Muhammad Khalid
,
Brinkley
Messick
and
David S.
Powers
, eds.,
Islamic Legal Interpretation: Muftis and Their Fatwas
(
Cambridge, MA
:
Harvard University Press
,
1996
). Introduction
[1]
; rest of the book
[2–3]
Masud
,
Muhammad
et al
., eds.,
Dispensing Justice in Islam: Qadis and Their Judgments
(
Leiden
:
Brill
,
2006
).
[2–3]
Messick
,
Brinkley
,
The Calligraphic State: Textual Domination and History in a Muslim Society
(
Berkeley
:
University of California Press
,
1993
).
[5]
Müller
,
Christian
, “
Judging with God’s Law on Earth: Judicial Powers of the Qadi al-Jama‘a of Cordoba in the Fifth/Eleventh Century
,”
Islamic Law and Society
,
7
, 2 (
2000
):
159
–86.
[4]
Powers
,
David S.
, “
On Judicial Review in Islamic Law
,”
Law and Society Review
,
26
(
1992
):
315
–41.
[4]
Powers
,
David S.
, “
Legal Consultation (futya) in Medieval Spain and North Africa
,” in
Chibli
Mallat
, ed.,
Islam and Public Law: Classical and Contemporary Studies
(
London and Boston
:
Graham and Trotman
,
1993
),
85
–106.
[3]
Tyan
,
E.
,
“Judicial Organization,”
in
M.
Khadduri
and
H. J.
Liebesny
, eds.,
Law in the Middle East
(
Washington, DC
:
Middle East Institute
,
1955
),
236
–78.
[1]
CHAPTER 2
 
Hallaq
,
Wael
,
A History of Islamic Legal Theories
(
Cambridge
:
Cambridge University Press
,
1997
).
[2]
Hallaq
,
Wael
, “
Non-Analogical Arguments in Sunni Juridical
Qiyas
,”
Arabica
,
36
, 3 (
1989
):
286
–306.
[3]
Hallaq
,
Wael
, “
On the Authoritativeness of Sunni Consensus
,”
International Journal of Middle East Studies
,
18
(
1986
):
427
–54.
[3]
Hallaq
,
Wael
, “
Was the Gate of Ijtihad Closed?

International Journal of Middle East Studies
,
16
(
1984
):
3
–41.
[1]
Kamali
,
Hashim
,
Principles of Islamic Jurisprudence
(
Selangor
:
Pelanduk Publications
,
1989
).
[2]
Lowry
,
Joseph
, “
Does Shafi
i Have a Theory of Four Sources of Law
?” in
Bernard G.
Weiss
, ed.,
Studies in Islamic Legal Theory
(
Leiden
:
Brill
,
2002
),
23
–50.
[4]
Wakin
,
Jeanette
, “
Interpretation of the Divine Command in the Jurisprudence of Muwaffaq al-Din Ibn Qudamah
,” in
N.
Heer
, ed.,
Islamic Law and Jurisprudence: Studies in Honor of Farhat J. Ziadeh
(
Seattle
:
University of Washington Press
,
1990
),
33
–53.
[4]
Weiss
,
Bernard G.
, “
Interpretation in Islamic Law: The Theory of
Ijtihad
,”
American Journal of Comparative Law
,
26
(
1978
):
199
–212.
[1]
Weiss
,
Bernard G.
, “
Knowledge of the Past: The Theory of
Tawatur
According to Ghazali
,”
Studia Islamica
,
61
(
1985
):
81
–105.
[3]
Weiss
,
Bernard G.
,
The Search for God’s Law: Islamic Jurisprudence in the Writings of Sayf al-Din al-Amidi
(
Salt Lake City
:
University of Utah Press
,
1992
).
[5]
Weiss
,
Bernard G.
, ed.,
Studies in Islamic Legal Theory
(
Leiden
:
Brill
,
2002
).
[3–4]

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