American Experiment (425 page)

[
Welch-McCarthy clash
]: Oshinsky, ch. 31, quoted at pp. 462, 463, 464.

[
McCarthy
’
s
“
condemnation
”]: Reeves, ch. 23; Rovere, pp. 222-31.

[
Eisenhower
’
s hidden hand against McCarthy
]: see Greenstein, ch. 5; see also Sherman Adams,
Firsthand Report: The Story of the Eisenhower Administration
(Harper, 1961), ch. 8; Oshinsky, pp. 258-60, 387-88, and ch. 23.

[“
Purely negative act
”]: Ambrose,
President,
p. 620.

[
Communist Control Act
]: see McAuliffe, Crisis
on the Left,
ch. 9.

259
[
Sputnik
]: Walter A. McDougall, …
The Heavens and the Earth: A Political History of the Space Age
(Basic Books, 1985), pp. 131-34, chs. 6-7; James R. Killian, Jr.,
Sputnik, Scientists, and Eisenhower
(MIT Press, 1977), Introduction and chs. 1-2; Dallin, pp. 453-54;  Eisenhower,
Waging,
ch. 8
passim;
Tom Wolfe,
The Right Stuff
(Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1979), pp. 69-74.

259
[“
Distinct surprise
”]: quoted in Brown, p. 114.

[
Vanguard failure
]: McDougall, p. 154; Constance M. Green and Milton Lomask,
Vanguard: A History
(NASA, 1970), pp. 204-12.

[
Gaither report
]: Ambrose,
President,
pp. 433-35; Morton H. Halperin, “The Gaither Committee and the Policy Process,”
World Politics,
vol. 13, no. 3 (April 1961), pp. 360-84; Samuel P. Huntington,
The Common Defense: Strategic Programs in National Politics
(Columbia University Press, 1961), pp. 106-13; Brown, ch. 10; Eisenhower,
Waging,
pp. 219-23.

[
Eisenhower on U.S. as
“
scared
”]: quoted in Ambrose,
President,
p. 451. [
Eisenhower
’
s knowledge of U.S. strategic superiority
]: Ambrose,
Ike
’
s Spies,
pp. 275-78; Robert A. Strong, “Eisenhower and Arms Control,” in Melanson and Mayers, pp. 255-56.

[
Khrushchev
]: Dallin, pp. 218-19;
Khrushchev Remembers,
vols. 1, 2; Edward Crankshaw,
Khrushchev
(Viking, 1966); Roy A. Medvedev and Zhores A. Medvedev,
Khrushchev: The Years in Power,
Andrew R. Durkin, trans. (Columbia University Press, 1976).

260
[
Khrushchev
’
s attack upon Molotov
]: Dallin, pp. 227-35, Dallin quoted at p. 230.

[
Khrushchev
’
s Twentieth Party Congress address
]: Khrushchev, “The Crimes of the Stalin Era,” text reprinted in
The New Leader,
sect. 2, July 16, 1956, S7-S65; see also Dallin, pp. 322-27.

[
Khrushchev in America
]:
Khrushchev in America
(Crosscurrents Press, 1960); “Great Encounter, Part Two,”
Newsweek,
vol. 54, no. 13 (September 28, 1959), pp. 33-46; Ambrose,
President,
pp. 541-44; Eisenhower,
Waging,
pp. 405-14, 432-49;
Khrushchev Remembers,
vol. 2, ch. 16.

[
Khrushchev on his being denied Disneyland
]: quoted in
Khrushchev in America,
pp. 112-13.

[
U-2
]: David Wise and Thomas B. Ross,
The U-2 Affair
(Random House, 1962); Michael R. Beschloss,
Mayday: Eisenhower, Khrushchev and the U-2 Affair
(Harper, 1986); Ambrose,
President,
pp. 571-77; Eisenhower,
Waging,
pp. 543-52; M. S. Venkataramani, “The U-2 Crisis: An Inquiry into Its Antecedents,” in Venkataramani,
Undercurrents in American Foreign Relations: Four Studies
(Asia Publishing House, 1965), pp. 157-208; Carl A. Linden,
Khrushchev and the Soviet leadership, 1957-1964
(Johns Hopkins Press, 1966), ch. 6.

261
[
Khrushchev on having
“
parts of the plane
”
and the pilot
]: quoted in Ambrose,
President
, p. 574.

262
[
Reston on Washington
]:
New York Times,
May 9, 1960, p. 1.

[
Paris summit
]: Beschloss, ch. 11; Wise and Ross, ch. 10; Ambrose,
President,
pp. 577-79; Eisenhower,
Waging,
pp. 553-59;
Khrushchev Remembers,
vol. 2, ch. 18; Jack M. Schick,
The Berlin Crisis, 1958-1962
(University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971), pp. 111-33; Harold Macmillan,
Pointing the Way, 1959-1961
(Macmillan, 1972), ch. 7. [
Ambrose on summit
]: Ambrose,
President,
p. 579.

[
Eisenhower
’
s Farewell Address
]: January 17, 1961, in
Eisenhower Public Papers,
vol. 8, pp. 1035-40, quoted at p. 1038.

262-3
[“
Kept the peace
”
…
“
didn
’
t just happen
”]: quoted in Beschloss, p. 388.

263
[“
Stalemate
”]:
ibid.

264
[
Soviet and American military power
]: John M. Collins,
U.S.-Soviet Military Balance: Concepts and Capabilities, 1960-1980
(McGraw-Hill, 1980), pp. 25-38, Collins quoted on “bombers could burst through” at p. 36; Genrikh Trofimenko,
The U.S. Military Doctrine
(Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1986).

[
American economic power
]: U.S. Bureau of the Census,
Historical Statistics of the United States, Colonial Times to 1970
(U.S. Government Printing Office, 1971), part 2, p. 948 (Series W 1-11) and part 1, p. 224 (Series F 1-5); Gertrude Deutsch, ed.,
The Economic Almanac 1962
(National Industrial Conference Board, 1962), pp. 498, 500; U.S. Library of Congress, Legislative Reference Service,
Trends in Economic Growth: A Comparison of the Western Powers and the Soviet Bloc
(U.S. Government Printing Office, 1955), pp. 1-5 and
passim.

[“
Expansive time
”]: David F. Noble,
Forces of Production: A Social History of Industrial Automation
(Knopf, 1984), p. 3; see also, generally, David M. Potter,
People of Plenty: Economic Abundance and the American Character
(University of Chicago Press, 1954).

[
American treaty commitments
]: see Roland A. Paul,
American Military Commitments Abroad
(Rutgers University Press, 1973), pp. 14-15.

[
European attacks on America
]: see Andre Visson,
As Others See Us
(Doubleday, 1948); Wolfgang Wagner, “The Europeans’ Image of America,’’ in Karl Kaiser and Hans-Peter Schwarz, eds.,
America and Western Europe: Problems and Prospects
(Lexington Books, 1978), pp. 19-32; Richard Mayne,
Postwar: The Dawn of Today
’
s Europe
(Schocken Books, 1983), pp. 111-17; Sidney Alexander, “The European Image of America,”
American Scholar,
vol. 21, no. 1 (Winter 1951-52), pp. 49-55.

[
Lerner on Europe and America
]: Max Lerner,
America as a Civilization
(Simon and Schuster, 1957), p. 930.

[
European admiration and support of America
]: Henry Lee Munson,
European Beliefs Regarding the United States
(Common Council for American Unity, 1949), pp. 16, 22, 49, and
passim.

[
Soviet responses and fears
]: see J. M. Mackintosh,
Strategy and Tactics of Soviet Foreign Policy
(Oxford University Press, 1963); Joseph L. Nogee and Robert H. Donaldson,
Soviet Foreign Policy Since World War II
(Pergamon Press, 1981), chs. 2, 4; William Zimmerman,
Soviet Perspectives on International Relations, 1956-1967
(Princeton University Press, 1969); Charles Gati, “The Stalinist Legacy in Soviet Foreign Policy,” in Stephen F. Cohen et al., eds.,
The Soviet Union Since Stalin
(Indiana University Press, 1980), pp. 279-301;David J. Dallin,
Soviet Foreign Policy After Stalin
(Lippincott, 1961). [
Aviation Day and the
“
bomber gap
”]: see Allen Dulles,
The Craft of Intelligence
(Harper, 1963), pp. 149, 162-63; Nogee and Donaldson, p. 109; Arnold L. Horelick and Myron Rush,
Strategic Power and Soviet Foreign Policy
(University of Chicago Press, 1966), pp. 17-18, 27-30, 66; Lincoln P. Bloomfield et al.,
Khrushchev and the Arms Race: Soviet Interests in Arms Control and Disarmament, 1954-1964
(MIT Press, 1966), ch. 2
passim.

The Technology of Freedom

266
[
Per capita and national income
]: Potter, pp. 81-84.

267
[
American intolerance in 1950s
]: see Charles C. Alexander,
Holding the Line: The Eisenhower Era, 1952-1961
(Indiana University Press, 1975), pp. 121-22.

[“
Entered a period
”]: quoted in James Gilbert,
Another Chance: Postwar America, 1945-1968
(Temple University Press, 1981), p. 186.

[
Mergers and acquisitions, 1950s
]: Harold G. Vatter,
The U.S. Economy in the 1950s: An Economic History
(Norton, 1963), pp. 205-6, Schumpeter quoted at p. 206; survival rate of large firms given at
ibid.;
see also John Kenneth Galbraith,
The Affluent Society,
2nd ed. (Houghton Mifflin, 1969), ch. 8; Robert Sobel,
The Age of Giant Corporations: A Microeconomic History of American Business, 1914-19**0
(Greenwood Press, 1972), ch. 8; Willard F. Mueller, “Concentration in Manufacturing,” in Edwin Mansfield, ed.,
Monopoly Power and Economic Performance: Problems of the Modern Economy
(Norton, 1978), pp. 69-73.

[
World War II and technological advances
]: Noble, ch. 1
passim,
pp. 334-35; Ralph Sanders, “Three-Dimensional Warfare: World War II,” in Melvin Kranzberg and Carroll W. Pursell, Jr., eds.,
Technology in Western Civilization: Technology in the Twentieth Century
(Oxford University Press, 1967), pp. 561-78.

[
Federal share of research and development, late 1950s
]: W. David Lewis, “Industrial Research and Development,” in Kranzberg and Pursell, p. 632; see also Donald J. Mrozek, “The Truman Administration and the Enlistment of the Aviation Industry in Postwar Defense,”
Business History Review,
vol. 48, no. 1 (Spring 1974), pp. 73-94.

267-8
[
Rosenberg on technological change and systematized knowledge
]: Rosenberg,
Technology and American Economic Growth
(Harper, 1972), p. 117.

268
[
Air speed records
]: Gene Gurney,
A Chronology of World Aviation
(Franklin Watts, 1965), pp. 139, 144, 171, 192, 207; Roger E. Bilstein,
Flight in America, 1900-1983: From the Wrights to the Astronauts
(Johns Hopkins University Press, 1984), p. 183; Patrick Harper, ed.,
The Timetable of Technology
(Hearst Books, 1982), p. 154; Thomas M. Smith, “The Development of Aviation,” in Kranzberg and Pursell, pp. 158-59; Tom Wolfe,
The Right Stuff
(Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1979), esp. ch. 3.

268
[Nautilus]: Richard G. Hewlett and Francis Duncan,
Nuclear Navy, 1946-1962
(University of Chicago Press, 1974), esp. chs. 6-7.

[
Machine tool industry growth, postwar
]: Noble, pp. 8-9.

[
Federal share of R&D, electrical equipment industry, mid-1960s
]:
ibid.,
p. 8. [
Technological advances in agriculture
]: Gilbert C. File,
American Farmers: The New Minority
(Indiana University Press, 1981), pp. 110-15; Wayne D. Rasmussen, “Scientific Agriculture,” in Kranzberg and Pursell, pp. 337-53; Reynold M. Wik, “Mechanization of the American Farm,” in
ibid.,
pp. 353-68; Rosenberg,
Technology and Growth,
pp. 127-46; Zvi Griliches, “Research Costs and Social Returns: Hybrid Corn and Related Innovations,” in Nathan Rosenberg, ed.,
The Economics of Technological Change
(Penguin, 1971), pp. 182-202; Griliches, “Hybrid Corn and the Economics of Innovation,” in
ibid.,
pp. 211-28.

[
Decline of farm labor force
]: Rosenberg,
Technology and Growth,
p. 130; see also Fite, p. 115.

[
Increase of per-acre com yield
]: Rasmussen, p. 343.

[
Return on hybrid corn research
]: Griliches, “Research Costs,” p. 183.

268-9
[
Agribusiness
]: Fite, ch. 7 and pp. 194-97.

269
[“
Enormous Laboratory
”]: Lerner, p. 216.

[
Gibbs
]: Lynde Phelps Wheeler,
Josiah Willard Gibbs: The History of a Great Mind
(Yale University Press, 1951); Muriel Rukeyser,
Willard Gibbs
(Doubleday, Doran, 1942); J. G. Crowther,
Famous American Men of Science
(Norton, 1937), pp. 227-98. [
Marx on science as social activity
]: Marx,
Capital: A Critique of Political Economy,
Samuel Moore and Edward Aveling, trans. (Charles H. Kerr & Co., 1906-9), vol. 1, esp. ch. 15; see also Nathan Rosenberg, “Karl Marx on the economic role of science,” in Rosenberg,
Perspectives on Technology
(Cambridge University Press, 1976), ch. 7; M. M. Bober,
Karl Marx
’
s Interpretation of History,
2nd. ed. (Harvard University Press, 1968), esp. chs. 1, 8, and pp. 363-76.

[
Corporate R&D and American science
]: George H. Daniels,
Science in American Society: A Social History
(Knopf, 1971), esp. ch. 14; Sobel, ch. 9; John Jewkes, David Sawers, and Richard Stillerman,
The Sources of Invention
(Macmillan, 1958), esp. chs. 2, 6-7; Jack Raymond,
Power at the Pentagon
(Harper, 1964), chs. 8-9; William H. Whyte, Jr.,
The Organization Man
(Simon and Schuster, 1956), part 5; Jacob Schmookler, “Technological Progress and the Modern Corporation,” in Edward S. Mason, ed.,
The Corporation in Modern Society
(Harvard University Press, 1960), ch. 8; Jay M. Gould,
The Technical Elite
(Augustus M. Kelley, 1968), ch. 7; David C. Mowery, “Firm Structure, Government Policy, and the Organization of Industrial Research: Great Britain and the United States, 1900-1950,”
Business History Review,
vol. 58, no. 4 (Winter 1984), pp. 504-31.