American Experiment (422 page)

[
Bernstein on atomic bomb legacy
]: “Roosevelt, Truman,” p. 24.

[“
Most terrible weapon
”]: quoted in Stimson and Bundy, p. 635.

[“
Royal straight flush
”]: quoted in Herken, p. 17.

224-5
[“
American cards
”]:
ibid.

225
[
Truman-Stalin exchange on bomb at Potsdam
]: Mastny, pp. 297-98; Bohlen, p. 237; Donovan, p. 93; Churchill,
Triumph,
pp. 669-70; see also Feis,
Potsdam,
ch. 23; Yergin, p. 121.

[
U.S. bombing of Japanese cities
]: Ronald Spector,
Eagle Against the Sun: The American War with Japan
(Free Press, 1985), pp. 487-93, 503-6; Toland,
Rising Sun,
pp. 670-77; Ronald Schaffer,
Wings of Judgment: American Bombing in World War II
(Oxford University Press, 1985), chs. 6-7; Wesley F. Craven and James L. Cate, eds.,
The Army Air Forces in World War II
(University of Chicago Press, 1948-58), vol. 5, chs. 17-18, 20-21.

[
Hiroshima, Nagasaki, and surrender
]: Toland,
Rising Sun,
chs. 33-37; Craven and Cate, vol. 5, pp. 703-35; John Hersey,
Hiroshima
(Knopf, 1946); Robert J. C. Butow,
Japan
’
s Decision to Surrender
(Stanford University Press, 1954); Barton J. Bernstein, “The Perils and Politics of Surrender: Ending the War with Japan and Avoiding the Third Atomic Bomb,”
Pacific Historical Review,
vol. 46 (1977), pp.1-27; Pacific War Research Society,
Japan
’
s Longest Day
(Kodansha International, 1980); Committee for the Compilation of Materials on Damage Caused by the Atomic Bombs in Hiroshima and Nagasaki,
Hiroshima and Nagasaki: The Physical, Medical, and Social Effects of the Atomic Bombings,
Eisei Ishikawa and David L. Swain, trans. (Basic Books, 1981).

226
[“
Let them
”]: quoted in Yergin, p. 121; see also Mastny, p. 298.

[
Truman on Stalin
]: quoted in Yergin, p. 119.

[
Byrnes at London Foreign Ministers
’
conference
]: Robert L. Messer,
The End of an Alliance: James F. Byrnes, Roosevelt, Truman, and the Origins of the Cold War
(University of North Carolina Press, 1982), ch. 7; Herken, ch. 3; Yergin, pp. 122-32; James F. Byrnes,
Speaking Frankly
(Harper, 1947), ch. 5.

[“
Here
’
s to the atom bomb
”]: quoted in Yergin, p. 123.

227
[
American ambivalence over Soviet intentions
]: see Lynn E. Davis,
The Cold War Begins: Soviet-American Conflict over Eastern Europe
(Princeton University Press, 1974), ch. 11; Herken, ch. 2; John Lewis Caddis,
Russia, the Soviet Union, and the United States: An Interpretive History
(Wiley, 1978), ch. 7
passim;
Caddis,
Long Peace,
ch. 2; Robert Daltek,
The American Style of Foreign Policy: Cultural Politics and Foreign Affairs
(Knopf, 1983), ch. 6; William Zimmerman, “Rethinking Soviet Foreign Policy: Changing American Perspectives,”
International Journal,
vol. 25 (Summer 1980), pp. 548-62; see also William Welch,
American Images of Soviet Foreign Policy: An Inquiry into Recent Appraisals from the Academic Community
(Yale University Press, 1970); Thomas, book 2; Melvyn F. Leffler, “The American Conception of the National Security State and the Beginnings of the Cold War, 1945-1948,”
American Historical Review,
vol. 89, no. 2 (April 1984), pp. 346-81.

[
Poll on bomb secret and UN
]: Dallek, p. 161; see also Paterson,
On Every Front,
pp. 113-29; Yergin, pp. 171-72.

[
Soviet cold war policy, sources and conflicts
]: Werth, chs. 11, 14, and
passim;
Crankshaw, ch.5 and passim; Frederick C. Barghoorn,
The Soviet Image of the United States
(Harcourt, 1950); Thomas, book 1; Joseph L. Nogee and Robert H. Donaldson,
Soviet Foreign Policy Since World War II
(Pergamon Press, 1981), chs. 2-3; Marshall D. Shulman,
Stalin
’
s Foreign Policy Reappraised
(Harvard University Press, 1963); Anatol Rapoport,
The Big Two: Soviet-American Perceptions of Foreign Policy
(Pegasus, 1971), pp. 120-26; Paterson,
On Every Front,
ch. 7; William Taubman,
Stalin
’
s American Policy: From Entente to Detente to Cold War
(Norton, 1982), esp. chs. 5-7; Adam B. Ulam,
Expansion and Coexistence: The History of Soviet Foreign Policy, 1917-1967
(Praeger, 1968), pp. 408-55; Robert V. Daniels,
Russia: The Roots of Confrontation
(Harvard University Press, 1985), chs. 8-9; Genrikh Trofimenko,
The U.S. Military Doctrine
(Progress Publishers, Moscow, n.d.), esp. chs. 1-2.

[“
Leaving them in the lurch
”]: quoted in Daniels, p. 220.

[“
Year of Cement
”]: Yergin, p. 166.

[
Stalin
’
s Bolshoi Theater address
]: February 9, 1946, in Walter LaFeber, ed.,
The Dynamics of World Power, A Documentary History of United States Foreign Policy, 1945-1973: Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union
(Chelsea House, 1973), pp. 191-99; see also Werth, ch. 5; Yergin, pp. 166-67, 177.

[
Douglas on Stalin
’
s speech
]: quoted in Walter Millis, ed.,
The Forrestal Diaries
(Viking, 1950), p. 134.

[
Kennan
’
s
“
long telegram
”]: “Telegraphic Message from Moscow to the State Department on Soviet Policies,” February 22, 1946, in LaFeber, pp. 200-10, quoted at pp. 207, 208; see John Lewis Gaddis,
Strategies of Containment: A Critical Appraisal of Postwar American National Security Policy
(Oxford University Press, 1982), chs. 2-3; Rapoport, pp. 106-12; Yergin, pp. 168-71; Thomas G. Paterson, “The Search for Meaning: George F. Kennan and American Foreign Policy,” in Merli and Wilson, pp. 568-76; John Lewis Gaddis, “Containment: A Reassessment,”
Foreign Affairs,
vol. 55, no. 4 (July 1977), pp. 873-87; George F. Kennan,
Memoirs 1925-1950
(Atlantic Monthly/ Little, Brown, 1967), ch. it; Thomas, ch. 22.

228
[“
Complete power of disposition
”]: “Telegraphic Message” in LaFeber, quoted at p. 208.

[“
An iron curtain
”]: March 5, 1946, in
ibid,
pp. 210-17, quoted at pp. 214, 215; see also Terry H. Anderson,
The United States, Great Britain, and the Cold War, 1944-1947
(University of Missouri Press, 1981), pp. 110-16; Fleming, vol. 1, pp. 348-57; Thomas, ch. 23.

229
[“
Call to war
”]: March 13, 1946, in LaFeber, pp. 217-21, quoted at p. 218; see also Werth, pp. 110-14.

[“
Putrid and baneful
”]: quoted in Daniels, p. 227.

[
Forrestal
’
s anti-Sovietism
]: see Gardner,
Architects,
ch. 10; Millis,
passim.
[
Kennan
’s “X”
article and his concern about his influence
]: “The Sources of Soviet Conduct,”
Foreign Affairs,
vol. 25, no. 4 (July 1947), pp. 566-82; Kennan,
Memoirs,
pp. 294-95, ch. 15; see also Gaddis,
Russia,
pp. 187-88.

229-30
[
Byrnes and Truman
]: Messer, chs. 8-9; Truman,
Decisions,
pp. 545-52.

230
[
1946 Congressional elections
]: Donovan, ch. 24.

[“
Greatest victory
”]: quoted in Stephen E. Ambrose,
Nixon: The Education of a Politician, 1911-1962
(Simon and Schuster, 1987), p. 141.

[
HUAC
’
s plans for 1947
]
:
quoted in Richard M. Freeland,
The Truman Doctrine and the Origins of McCarthyism: Foreign Policy, Domestic Politics, and Internal Security, 1946-1948
(Knopf, 1972), p. 132.

[“
Class of
’
46
”]: see David M. Oshinsky,
A Conspiracy So Immense: The World of Joe McCarthy
(Free Press, 1983), p. 53; Ambrose,
Nixon,
p. 141.

[
Loyalty program
]: Athan Theoharis,
Seeds of Repression: Harry S. Truman and the Origins
o
f McCarthyism
(Quadrangle, 1971), pp. 103-6, quoted at p. 105; Alan D. Harper,
The Politics of Loyalty: The White House and the Communist Issue, 1946-1952
(Greenwood Publishing, 1969), ch. 3; Truman,
Trial and Hope,
ch. 19; Donovan, ch. 31; Athan Theoharis, “The Escalation of the Loyalty Program,” in Barton J. Bernstein, ed.,
Politics and Policies of the Truman Administration
(Quadrangle, 1970), pp. 242-68; Roger S. Abbott, “The Federal Loyalty Program,” in Edward E. Palmer, ed.,
The Communist Problem in America
(Crowell, 1951), pp. 385-97; see, generally, Stanley I. Kutler,
The American Inquisition: Justice and Injustice in the Cold War
(Hill and Wang, 1982); Herbert Mitgang,
Dangerous Dossiers
(Donald I. Fine, 1988); Diggins,
Proud Decades,
ch. 5
passim.

[“
Membership in, affiliation with
”]: quoted in Abbott, p. 390.

[
Attorney General
’
s list
]: Freeland, pp. 208-16; Palmer, Appendix.

[
Loyalty board proceedings
]: Harper, pp. 47-53, executive order quoted at p. 39; David Caute,
The Great Fear: The Anti-Communist Purge Under Truman and Eisenhower
(Simon and Schuster, 1978), pp. 269-92.

[“
The man who fears
”]: Seth W. Richardson, quoted in Richard M. Fried,
Men Against McCarthy
(Columbia University Press, 1976), p. 24.

231
[
HUAC in Hollywood, 1947
]: Walter Goodman,
The Committee: The Extraordinary Career of House Committee on Un-American Activities
(Farrar, Straus & Giroux, 1968), pp. 207-25; Victor Navasky,
Naming Names
(Viking, 1980); Larry Ceplair and Steven Englund,
The Inquisition in Hollywood: Politics in the Film Community, 1930-1960
(Anchor Press/ Doubleday, 1980), esp. chs. 8, 10; Richard H. Pells,
The Liberal Mind in a Conservative Age: American Intellectuals in the 1940s and 1950s
(Harper, 1985), pp. 301-10; Gordon Kahn,
Hollywood on Trial: The Story of the 10 Who Were Indicted
(Boni & Gaer, 1948).

[
Menjou on communists
]: quoted in Roger Burlingame,
The Sixth Column
(Lippincott, 1962), p. 127.

[
Cooper on communism
]: quoted in Goodman, p. 209.

[
Hollywood and radio purge
]: Pells, p. 310; see also John Cogley,
Report on Blacklisting,
2 vols. (Fund for the Republic, 1956).

[
Ex-communists
]: see Navasky; Herbert L. Packer,
Ex-Communist Witnesses: Four Studies
i
n Fact Finding
(Stanford University Press, 1962).

[
Hiss case
]: Allen Weinstein,
Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case
(Knopf, 1978); Alistair Cooke,
Generation on Trial: U.S.A. v. Alger Hiss
(Knopf, 1950); Ambrose,
Nixon,
ch. 10; Packer, ch. 2; Goodman, ch. 8
passim;
Leslie A. Fiedler, “Hiss, Chambers, and the Age of Innocence,” in Fiedler,
The Collected Essays of Leslie Fiedler
(Stein & Day, 1971), vol. 1, pp. 3-24.

232
[“
We
’
ve been had
!”]: quoted in Weinstein, p. 15.

[
Truman on the menace of communism
]: Freeland, pp. 335-36.

[“
Red herring
”]: Weinstein, p. 15.

[
Greek crisis and Administration response
]: Freeland, ch. 2; Theoharis,
Seeds,
ch. 3; John Lewis Gaddis, “Was the Truman Doctrine a Real Turning Point?,”
Foreign Affairs,
vol. 52, no. 2 (January 1974), pp. 386-402; Yergin, pp. 279-83; Truman,
Trial and Hope,
ch. 8; Joseph M. Jones,
The Fifteen Weeks (February 21-June
5,
1947)
(Viking, 1955); Michael Leigh,
Mobilizing Consent: Public Opinion and American Foreign Policy, 1937-1947
(Greenwood Press, 1976), ch. 5; Fleming, vol. 1, pp. 438-61, 465-76.

232
[“
Ripe plum
”]: Mark Ethridge, quoted in Yergin, pp. 279-80.

[
Truman
’
s address to Congress
]: “The Truman Doctrine,” March 12, 1947, in LaFeber, pp. 309-13, quoted at p. 312.

233
[
Marshall
’
s Harvard address
]: “Proposal of the Marshall Plan,” June 5, 1947, in
ibid.,
pp. 320-22, quoted at pp. 320, 321.

[
Marshall Plan
]: John Gimbel,
The Origins of the Marshall Plan
(Stanford University Press, 1976); Jones; Charles L. Mee, Jr.,
The Marshall Plan: The Launching of the Pax Americana
(Simon and Schuster, 1984); Freeland, ch. 4; Werth, pp. 257-81; LaFeber, pp. 322-29; Thomas G. Paterson, “The Quest for Peace and Prosperity: International Trade, Communism, and the Marshall Plan,” in Bernstein,
Politics and Policies,
pp. 78-112; Michael J. Hogan, “Paths to Plenty; Marshall Planners and the Debate over European Integration, 1947-1948,”
Pacific Historical Review,
vol. 53 (1984), pp. 337-66.

[
Cominform
]: see Werth, ch. 14.

234
[
White on psychological tendencies in cold war
]: see Ralph K. White,
Fearful Warriors
(Free Press, 1984), ch. 10; see also Robert Jervis,
Perception and Misperception in International Politics
(Princeton University Press, 1976); Vamik D. Volkan,
The Need to Have Enemies and Allies
(Jason Aronson Inc., 1988).

[
Lippmann on
“
X
”
article
]: Lippmann,
The Cold War: A Study in U.S. Foreign Policy
(Harper, 1947); see also Ronald Steel,
Walter Lippmann and the American Century
(Atlantic Monthly/Little, Brown, 1980), pp. 443-46; Barton J. Bernstein, “Walter Lippmann and the Early Cold War,” in Thomas G. Paterson, ed.,
Cold War Critics: Alternatives to American Foreign Policy in the Truman Years
(Quadrangle, 1971), pp. 18-53.