American Experiment (423 page)

[
Wallace
’
s Madison Square Garden address
]: September 12, 1946, in LaFeber, pp. 255-60, quoted at p. 258; Richard J. Walton,
Henry Wallace, Harry Truman, and the Cold War
(Viking, 1976), pp. 100-8; Norman D. Markowitz,
The Rise and Fall of the People
’
s Century: Henry A. Wallace and American Liberalism, 1941-1948
(Free Press, 1973), pp. 178-82; Alonzo L. Hamby, “Henry A. Wallace, the Liberals, and Soviet-American Relations,”
Review of Politics,
vol. 30, no. 2 (April 1968), pp. 153-69,

235
[
Truman
’
s approval of Wallace
’
s speech
]: see Walton, pp. 98-99; John Morton Blum, ed.,
The Price of Vision: The Diary of Henry A. Wallace, 1942-1946
(Houghton Mifflin, 1973), pp. 612-13; Truman,
Decisions,
p. 557.

[
Washington reaction to Wallace
’
s address
]: Walton, pp. 108-12, Vandenberg quoted at p. 111; Blum, p. 613 n. 1, and pp. 613-32; Truman,
Decisions,
pp. 557-60; Byrnes, pp. 239-43; Donovan, ch. 23.

[“
You, yourself
”]: Blum, p. 618.

[“
Pacifist one hundred per cent
”]: quoted in Walton, pp. 113-14.

[
Eleanor Roosevelt and postwar world
]: see Joseph P. Lash,
Eleanor: The Years Alone
(Norton, 1972), chs. 1-6
passim;
Tamara K. Hareven,
Eleanor Roosevelt: An American Conscience
(Quadrangle, 1968), chs. 10-12.

235-6
[
Truman
’
s political position, early 1948
]: see Richard S. Kirkendall, “Election of 1948,” in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed.,
History of American Presidential Elections, 1789-1968
(Chelsea House, 1971), vol. 4, pp. 3100-4.

236
[
ADA
]: Clifton Brock,
Americans for Democratic Action: Its Role in National Politics
(Public Affairs Press, 1962); Mary S. McAuliffe,
Crisis on the Left: Cold War Politics and American Liberals, 1947-1954
(University of Massachusetts Press, 1978), pp. 5-10 and
passim;
Alonzo L. Hamby, “The Liberals, Truman, and FDR as Symbol and Myth,”
Journal of American History,
vol. 56, no. 4 (March 1970), pp. 859-67; Norman Markowitz, “From the Popular Front to Cold War Liberalism,” in Robert Griffith and Athan Theoharis, eds.,
The Specter: Original Essays on the Cold War and the Origins of McCarthyism
(New Viewpoints, 1974), pp. 90-115.

[
Truman
’
s civil rights message
]: February 2, 1948, in
Truman Public Papers,
vol. 4, pp. 121-26; see also Donald R. McCoy and Richard T. Ruetten,
Quest and Response: Minority Rights and the Truman Administration
(University Press of Kansas, 1973), ch. 6; Donovan, ch. 35; William C. Berman,
The Politics of Civil Rights in the Truman Administration
(Ohio State University Press, 1973), ch. 2 and pp. 79-85; Barton J. Bernstein, “The Ambiguous Legacy: The Truman Administration and Civil Rights,” in Bernstein,
Politics and Policies,
pp. 269-314.

236
[
Dewey
’
s nomination
]: Richard N. Smith,
Thomas E. Dewey and His Times
(Simon and Schuster, 1982), ch. 14; Kirkendall, pp. 3113-16; James T. Patterson,
Mr. Republican: Robert A. Taft
(Houghton Mifflin, 1972), chs. 26-27.

236-7
[
Dixiecrat revolt
]: Leonard Dinnerstein, “The Progressive and States’ Rights Parties of 1948,” in Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., ed.,
History of U.S. Political Parties
(Chelsea House, 1973), vol. 4, pp. 3314-19, 3324-28; V. O. Key, Jr.,
Southern Politics in State and Nation
(Knopf, 1949), pp. 329-44; Numan V. Bartley,
The Rise of Massive Resistance: Race and Politics in the South During the 1950
’
s
(Louisiana State University Press, 1969), pp. 28-37; McCoy and Ruetten, ch. 7; Truman,
Trial and Hope,
pp. 179-87.

237
[
Progressive convention
]: Curtis D. MacDougall,
Gideon
’
s Army
(Marzani & Munsell, 1965), vol. 2, chs. 22-25; Irving Howe and Lewis Coser, ‘
The American Communist Party: A Critical History (1919-1957)
(Beacon Press, 1957), pp. 469-77; David A. Shannon,
The Decline of American Communism: A History of the Communist Party Since 194**
(Harper, 959), pp. 164-75.

[
Democratic civil rights plank
]: see Schlesinger,
Elections,
vol. 4, p. 3154; see also Kirkendall, pp. 3117-18; Truman,
Trial and Hope,
pp. 181-83.

[
1948 campaign
]: Donovan, chs. 41-43; Smith, ch. 15; Kirkendall, pp. 3123-45; Dinnerstein, pp. 3321-27; MacDougall, vol. 3; Walton, chs. 5-9
passim:
Berman, ch. 3
passim:
Markowitz,
Rise and Fall,
ch. 8; Truman,
Trial and Hope,
ch. 15; Susan M. Hartmann,
Truman and the 80th Congress
(University of Missouri Press, 1971), ch. 8; Robert A. Divine, “The Cold War and the Election of 1948,”
Journal of American History,
vol. 59, no. 1 (June 1972), pp. 90-110; Harvard Silkoff, “Harry Truman and the Election of 1948: The Coming of Age of Civil Rights in American Politics,”
Journal of Southern History,
vol. 37, no. 4 (November 1971), pp. 597-616; Allen Yarnell,
Democrats and Progressives: The 1948 Presidential Election as a Test of Postwar Liberalism
(University of California Press, 1974); Irwin Ross,
The Loneliest Campaign: The Truman Victory of 1948
(New American Library, 1968); Oral History of Henry Wallace, Columbia University, pp. 21-72.

[
Truman
’
s reaction to poll of fifty experts
]: quoted in Phillips, pp. 243-44. [
Dewey on overconfidence
]: Donovan, p. 437.

[“
Very barbarous
”]: Wallace Oral History, p. 72.

238
[
Election results
]: Schlesinger,
Elections,
vol. 4, p. 3211.

[“
A brave man
”]: Kirkendall, p. 3099.

The Spiral of Fear

[
Polling in 1948
]: Angus Campbell and Robert L. Kahn,
The People Elect a President
(Survey Research Center, University of Michigan, 1952); Schlesinger,
Elections,
vol. 4, pp. 3192-97; Frederick Mosteller et al.,
The Pre-election Polls of 1948: Report to the Committee on Analysis of Pre-election Polls and Forecasts
(Social Science Research Council, 1949); Bernard R. Berelson et al.,
Voting: A Study of Opinion Formation in a Presidential Campaign
(University of Chicago Press, 1954).

[
1948 as
“
maintaining election
”]: see Walter Dean Burnham,
Critical Elections and the Mainsprings of American Politics
(Norton, 1970); James Sundquist,
Dynamics of the Party System: Alignment and Realignment of Political Parties in the United States
(Brookings Institution, 1973), chs. 11-12; Kirkendall, p. 3144.

239-40
[
Soviet atomic bomb
]: “Announcement by President Truman,” September 23, 1949, in LaFeber, pp. 406-7; see also Herken, chs. 14-15; Yergin, ch. 5
passim:
Robert J. Donovan,
Tumultuous Years: The Presidency of Harry S Truman, 1949-1953
(Norton, 1982), ch. 9; “Reactions of 150,000,000,”
Newsweek,
vol. 34, no. 14 (October 3, 1949), pp. 25-26.

240
[
Germany in the cold war
]: Bruce Kuklick,
American Policy and the Division of Germany: The Clash with Russia over Reparations
(Cornell University Press, 1972); W. Phillips Davison,
The Berlin Blockade: A Study in Cold War Politics
(Princeton University Press, 1958); Lucius D. Clay,
Decision in Germany
(Doubleday, 1950), chs. 19-20 and
passim;
Avi Shlaim,
The United States and the Berlin Blockade, 1948-1949: A Study in Crisis Decision-Making
(University of California Press, 1983); Yergin, ch. 14.

240
[
Chinese revolution and the U.S.
]: U.S. Department of State,
United States Relations with China
(U.S. Government Printing Office, 1949); Tang Tsou,
America
’
s Failure in China, 1941-1950
(University of Chicago Press, 1963); H. Bradford Westerfield,
Foreign Policy and Party Politics: Pearl Harbor to Korea
(Yale University Press, 1955), chs. 12, 16; Lewis M. Purifoy,
Harry Truman
’
s China Policy: McCarthyism and the Diplomacy of Hysteria, 1947-1951
(New Viewpoints, 1976); Donovan,
Tumultuous Years,
chs. 6-7; John K. Fairbank,
The United States and China,
4th ed. (Harvard University Press, 1983); Russell D. Buhite,
Soviet-American Relations in Asia, 1945-1954
(University of Oklahoma Press, 1981), chs. 1-3; Kenneth S. Chern,
Dilemma in China: America
’
s Policy Debate, 1945
(Archon Books, 1980); Okabe Tatsumi, “The Cold War and China,” in Yonosuke Nagai and Akira Iriye, eds.,
The Origins of the Cold War in Asia
(Columbia University Press/University of Tokyo Press, 1977), pp. 224-51.

[
Korean War
]: Joseph C. Goulden,
Korea: The Untold Story of the War
(Times Books, 1982); David Rees,
Korea: The Limited War
(St. Martin’s Press, 1964); Ronald J. Caridi,
The Korean War and American Politics: The Republican Party as a Case Study
(University of Pennsylvania Press, 1968); Bevin Alexander,
Korea: The First War We Lost
(Hippocrene, 1986); Donovan,
Tumultuous Years,
ch. 8 and parts 3-4
passim;
Truman,
Trial and Hope,
chs. 22-28
passim:
David J. Dallin,
Soviet Foreign Policy After Stalin
(Lippincott, 1961), pp. 60-69; Glenn D. Paige,
The Korean Decision
(Free Press, 1968); Buhite, ch. 5; Allen Guttmann, ed.,
Korea: Cold War and Limited War,
2nd ed. (D. C. Heath, 1972); Charles M. Dobbs,
The Unwanted Symbol: American Foreign Policy, the Cold War, and Korea, 1945-1950
(Kent State University Press, 1981); Allen S. Whiting,
China Crosses the Yalu
(Macmillan, i960); Strobe Talbott, ed. and trans.,
Khrushchev Remembers
(Little, Brown, 1970-74), vol. 1, ch. 11; Dean Acheson,
The Korean War
(Norton, 1971); Gaddis,
Strategies,
ch. 4; John Lewis Gaddis, “Korea in American Politics, Strategy, and Diplomacy, 1945-50,” in Nagai and Iriye, pp. 277-98; Robert M. Slusser, “Soviet Far Eastern Policy, 1945-50: Stalin’s Goals in Korea,” in
ibid.,
pp. 123-46; Robert R. Simmons,
The Strained Alliance: Peking, Pyongyang, Moscow and the Politics of the Korean War
(Free Press, 1975); James I. Matray, “Truman’s Plan for Victory: National Self-Determination and the Thirty-eighth Parallel Decision in Korea,”
Journal of American History,
vol. 66, no. 2 (September 1979), pp. 314-33; Daniels, pp. 239-41; Taubman, pp. 201-2, 211-22; Shulman, chs. 6-7; William Manchester,
American Caesar: Douglas MacArthur, 1880-1964
(Little, Brown, 1978), chs. 9-10.

[“
Administrative dividing line
”]: Acheson, quoted in Manchester, p. 539.

240-1
[
Acheson on U.S. defense perimeter
]: quoted in Goulden, p. 30; see also Dobbs, pp. 180-81; Gaddis,
Long Peace,
ch. 4.

[
Ulam on Soviet blunder in Korea
]: Adam B. Ulam, “Washington, Moscow, and the Korean War,” in Guttmann, pp. 258-85, quoted at p. 277.

[
Smith Act
]: quoted in Howe and Coser, p. 418.

[
Smith Act trial of communist leaders
]:
ibid.,
pp. 481-82; Shannon, pp. 198-200; Packer, pp. 11-13.

[“
Government … on trial
”]: William Z. Foster, quoted in Shannon, p. 198.

[“
Sufficient danger
”]: Judge Harold R. Medina, quoted in
ibid.,
p. 200.

[
China-Korea links]:
see Purifoy, chs. 8-9.

[
China Lobby
]: Ross Y. Koen,
The China Lobby in American Politics
(Octagon Books, 1974), esp. ch. 2; Stanley D. Bachrack,
The Committee of One Million: “China Lobby” Politics, 1953-1971
(Columbia University Press, 1976), esp. part 1.

[
Taft on communism in China
]: quoted in Fried, p. 4; and E. J. Kahn, Jr.,
The China Hands: America
’
s Foreign Service Officers and What Befell Them
(Viking, 1975), p. 2.

[
Acheson as target
]: see Westerfield, pp. 327-29.

[“
Whined
”
and
“
whimpered
”
and
“
slobbered
”]: quoted in William Manchester,
The Glory
a
nd the Dream: A Narrative History of America, 1912-1972
(Little, Brown, 1974), p. 492.

244
[
Acheson and Hiss
]: Weinstein, pp. 505-6, Acheson quoted at p. 505.

[
Butler on Acheson
]: quoted in Eric F. Goldman,
The Crucial Decade: America, 1945-1955
(Knopf, 1956), p. 125.

[
McCarthy
]: Richard H. Rovere,
Senator Joe McCarthy
(Harcourt, 1959); Oshinsky; Fried; Thomas C. Reeves,
The Life and Times of Joe McCarthy
(Stein & Day, 1982); Edwin R. Bayley,
Joe McCarthy and the Press
(University of Wisconsin Press, 1981); Daniel Bell, ed.,
The New American Right
(Criterion Books, 1955); Earl Latham, ed.,
The Meaning of McCarthyism,
2nd ed. (D. C. Heath, 1973); Michael P. Rogin,
The Intellectuals and McCarthy: The Radical Specter
(MIT Press, 1967); Robert Griffith,
The Politics of Fear: McCarthy and the Senate
(University Press of Kentucky, 1970); Donald F. Crosby,
God, Church, and Flag: Senator Joseph R McCarthy and the Catholic Church, 1950-1957
(University of North Carolina Press, 1978); Joseph R. McCarthy,
McCarthyism: The Fight for America
(Devin-Adair, 1952; reprinted by Arno Press, 1977).

244
[“
Multiple untruth
”]: see Rovere, pp. 109-10.