Allies and Enemies: How the World Depends on Bacteria (34 page)

fimbrae, 125

genetically modified organisms

fistulated cows, 153

(GMOs), 99.
See also

five-kingdom classification

biotechnology industry

system, 22

genetics

flagella, 9, 13

cellular genetics, 4

Fleming, Alexander, 65, 69-72, 103

shared genes, 23-24

Flemming, Walther, 100

genome, components of, 100

Florey, Howard, 71-72

gentamicin, 64

food chains, 130, 139

Geobacter, 137

food digestion, 28

germfree animals, 29

food production. See also agriculture

germs. See pathogens

antibiotics in, 66-68

global ecology, microbial ecology in,

bacteria in, 35-37

141-143

biotechnology in, 114

global warming, 152-154

protein, role of, 131-135

glycolysis, 146

food webs, 139

index

203

GMOs (genetically modified

of microbiology, 1-6, 16-19

organisms), 99.
See also

George Soper, 53-57

biotechnology industry

John Snow, 52-53

goats, 152

Joseph McDade, 57-58

Goethe, Johann Wolfang von, 87

Louis Pasteur, 46-50

Gold, Thomas, 142

Robert Hooke, 51-52

Golden Age of Microbiology, 4, 32

of penicillin, 68-72

gonorrhea, 76

Holliday, Doc, 88

Gordonia polyisoprenivorans, 91

Homestake gold mine, 143

Gore, Al, 154

Hooke, Robert, 4, 51-52

Gram stains, 16-17

horizontal gene transfer, 77

Gram, Hans Christian, 16

hospitals, antibiotic resistance in, 78

gram-negative, 16-17

hot conditions, bacteria in, 10

gram-positive, 16-17

human body, bacteria in, 25-32

The Grapes of Wrath (Steinbeck), 89

Hungate method (anaerobic

green biotechnology, 102

microbiology), 169-170

green sulfurs, 136

Hungate, Robert, 169

griseofulvin, 64

hyaluronidase, 59

growing bacteria, 12, 165

hydrogen production, 149-150

anaerobic microbiology, 169-170

hydrogen sulfide, 136

aseptic technique, 170-171

hydrogenase, 149

counting bacteria, 167-168

hygiene in ancient societies, 38-39

logarithms, explained, 168-169

serial dilution, 165-167

i

guanine, 100

Gupta, Mohit, 91

immune system

exposure to pathogens, 30-31

h

high-risk groups, 80

tuberculosis and, 85

Halococcus, 11

incubation time for serial

halophiles, 11

dilution, 167

Heatley, Norman, 72

infant diarrhea, 103-104

Helicobacter pylori, 11, 28

infants, bacteria in, 29

hemolysins, 59

infectious disease. See also

Henle, Jacob, 18

antibiotics; pathogens

Hesse, Angelina, 19

history of, 37-43, 58-61

Hesse, Walther, 17, 19

in popular culture. See popular

Hesse, Wolfgang, 19

culture

heterotrophs, 154

intestines, bacteria in, 28-30

Hewlett-Packard, 103

Ipuwer, 40

Higa, Akiko, 106

iron, 76

high-risk groups, list of, 80

decomposition of, 93-94

Hippocrates, 39

iron cycle, 136, 138

histones, 100

Isua formation, 145

history

of bacteria in food production,

j

35-37

of infectious disease, 37-43, 58-61

Janssen, Hans, 1

of medicine, 82

Janssen, Zacharias, 1

of microbial ecology, 121-124

Jenner, Edward, 121

204

index

Jjemba, Patrick, 146

Linnaeus, Carl, 24

Jurassic Park (Crichton), 110

lipase, 33, 91

Justinian I (ruler of Byzantine

lipopolysaccharides, 10

Empire), 42-43

Lister, Joseph, 32, 45, 59, 121

Listeria, 29

k

Listeria monocytogenes, 58

lithotrophs, 154

K-12 ( E. coli strain), 105

logarithms, explained, 168-169

Kafka, Franz, 87

Love in the Time of Cholera (García

Kajander, Olavi, 162

Márquez), 89

Keats, John, 87

Lovley, Derek, 155

Kirby-Bauer antibiotic testing, 65

luminescence, 142

Kitasato, Shibasaburo, 49-50

lysozyme, 31, 70

Kluyver, Albert, 33

knallgas reaction, 158

m

Koch’s postulates, 17-18, 32

Koch, Robert, 17, 19, 32, 47,

M. tuberculosis, 38-39, 85

49-50, 53

macrobiology, 141-143

macrophages, 85

l

magnetotactic bacteria, 9, 161

malaria, 69

La Bohème, 86

Mallon, Mary, 53, 56

La Touche, C. J., 70

Mandel, Morton, 106

La Traviata, 86

Mann, Thomas, 89

lactobacilli, 31

marine antibiotics, 81

Lactobacillus, 29, 35-36, 151

marine bacteria (oil spill

Lactococcus, 36

cleanup), 113

Laennec, Rene, 88

marine food chains, 130

lake blooms, 141

marine plankton, elements of, 129

Lake Císo (Spain), 141

Mars, bacteria on, 160-162

Lambert, Harry, 71

Marten, Benjamin, 86

Lascaux cave paintings,

Matulewicz, Stanislaw, 61

decomposition of, 95

Maugham, W. Somerset, 89

Lathyrus plants, 122

Mayan ruins at Chichen-Itza, 96

Lawrence, D. H., 87

mayonnaise, 36

Lazowski, Eugene, 61

Mayr, Ernst, 24

Lederberg, Joshua, 105

McDade, Joseph, 57-58

Legionella pneumophila, 58

McMorris, Marc, 30

Legionnaires’ disease, 57-58

meat

legume plants in nitrogen cycle, 122

production. See food production

Leigh, Vivien, 87

saturated fats in, 29

leprosy, 38

medicine, history of, 82

Leptothrix, 94

Meister, Joseph, 47

Leuconostoc, 35-36

membranes, 7

Levy, Stuart, 31, 79

of archaea, 10

lichens, 96, 129

mesophiles, 11

life

metabolisms, types of, 146

defined, 2

metal, decomposition of, 93-94

on Mars, 160-162

metal extraction, 159

index

205

meteorite from Mars, 161

monogastric animals, 28

methane

monooxygenase, 158

on Mars, 161

Morgan, Thomas Hunt, 100

origins of, 148

motile bacteria, 9

production, 158-159

mouth, bacteria in, 27

from ruminants, 152

MRSA (methicillin-resistant

sources of, 154

Staphylococcus aureus), 26, 74

methanogenic archaea, 152

Mullis, Kary, 109, 111

methanogens, 150, 158

multidrug resistance, 74, 76, 79-80

methanotrophs, 158

multiple antibiotics, 74

methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus

Mutaflor, 105

aureus (MRSA), 26, 74

mutations, 63-64

Methylobacteria, 158

mutator genes, 63

Methylococcus, 158

mutualism, 122

Michelangelo, 97

mutualistic symbiosis, 153

microbial blooms, 140-141

Mycobacterium

microbial diversity, 21

M. bovis
, 39

microbial ecology

M. leprae
, 38

cyanobacteria, 128-131

M. tuberculosis
, 18, 75-76

diversity of bacteria, 124-128

Mycoplasma, 59

ecosystem development, 135-138

mycoplasmas, 58

ecosystem maintenance,

myxobacteria, 127

138-139, 141

in global ecology, 141, 143

n

history of, 121-124

protein production, 131-135

naming bacteria, 24-25

microbial mats, 15, 124

nanobacteria, 7, 162

microbiology. See also biotechnology

Nanobacterium sanguineum, 162

industry

Naples outbreak of syphilis, 41-42

history of, 1-6, 16-19

Napoleon Bonaparte III, 46

George Soper, 53-57

natural antibiotics, 64

John Snow, 52-53

natural gas, origins of, 148

Joseph McDade, 57-58

Neisseria, 26

Louis Pasteur, 46-50

Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 76

Robert Hooke, 51-52

neomycin, 64

research pace of, 103

neutralism, 142

subsurface microbiology, 142-143

Newton, Isaac, 52

microcystin, 141

Nichols, Dudley, 86

Microcystis, 141

Nightingale, Florence, 59, 121

Micrographia (Hooke), 51

Nissle, Alfred, 104-105

microhabitats, 27

nitrates, 133

Micromonospora, 64

nitrites, 133

microscopes, invention of, 1

Nitrobacter, 33, 123, 133

Milan Cathedral, 97

nitrogen cycle, 33, 122, 132-133

Miller, Anne, 72

nitrogen fixation, 122, 132

mining site remediation, 159

nitrogen gas, 132-133

mold spores

Nitrosococcus, 123

defined, 2

Nitrosocystis, 123

history of penicillin, 69

Nitrosomonas, 33, 123, 133

206

index

Nitrosospira, 123

PCR (polymerase chain reaction), 5,

nitrous oxide, 133

95, 109-111

nosocomial infections, 78

peanut butter recall (2009), 111

Nostoc, 131, 140

Pediculus humanus, 60

novels, bacteria in, 89-91