Against Our Will: Men, Women, and Rape (96 page)

(155)

SOURCE NOTES
I
421

"Women when captured":
J.
P. Dunn, Massacres
of the
Moun
tains, A History ot
the Indian Wars
of the
Far West
2815-1875
(1886) , New York: Archer House, 1958, p. 319.

". . . meting to a man in his own measure": Dunn, p. 367.

Footnote, "We were recons": Lucy Komisar, "The Machismo Fac tor," work in progress.

Ewbanks, "He forced me": Dunn, p. 368.

appended to Evans' apologia: See "Reply of Governor Evans of the Territory of Colorado to that part referring to him of the Report of the Committee on the Conduct of the War, headed 'Massacre of Cheyenne Indians,' " Denver, 1865 ( Eames Indian Collection, New York Public Library ) , p. 6 and Appendix. Mrs. Ewbanks' statement was also printed in several newspapers of the day.

most famous captivity rape of the West: To retell the story of Josie Meeker, Arvilla Meeker and Flora Ellen Price, I have drawn heavily on Marshall Sprague, Massacre:
The
Tragedy at
White
River, Boston: Little, Brown, 1957. Political overview of the White River Massacre, and the governme.nt's efforts to remove the Utes from Colorado, may be found in Dee Brown, Bury My Heart at Wounded Knee, New York: Holt, Rinehart, 1970, pp. 367-389. Verbatim testimony of the three women alpears in "White River Ute Commission Investiga tion," House o Representatives, 46th Congress, 2nd Session, 1880, Ex. Doc. 83, pp. 13-19, 21-27, 40-50. Comment of Chief Ouray re "oath of a woman,'' Ex. Doc. 83, pp. 12-13.

"Only occasionally was the voice": Brown, p. xv. Camp Grant massacre: Dunn, pp. 621-623.

Sand Creek massacre: Dunn, pp. 342-382.

Miksch, ". . . these men pulled out the bodies of the squaws": Stan Hoig,
The
Sand
Creek
Massacre, Norman: University of Okla homa Press, 1961, p. 186.

Connor, "In going over the battleground": Brown, p. 328.

"ghastly, unprintable disclosures":
L.
V. McWhorter, Hear Me, My

Chiefs,
Caldwell, Idaho: Caxton, 1952, p. 116. "A Nez Perce woman": McWhorter p. 121.

Chief Joseph, "On the way we captured": "An Indian's Views of Indian Affairs,"
North
American Review, Vol. 128 (Apr. 1879), P· 4
2
7·

"Sexually as well as in every other way": Winthrop D. Jordan, White Over
Black:
American
Attitudes
Toward the Negro,
2550-1812,
Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1968, p. 141. "Lawdy, them was tribbolashuns": Gerda Lerner, ed.,
Black
Women
in White
America:
A
Documentary History, New York: Pantheon, 1972, PP· 47-48.

In-country breeding was crucial: Frederic Bancroft, Slave Trading
in

the
Old South
( 1931) New York: Ungar, 1959, p. 67. small industry, reliably profitable: Bancrof t, pp. 68-69. In colonial Massachusetts: Bancrof t, p. 79.

state of Virginia exported: Bancrof t, p. 71.

"It has always ( perhaps erroneously)": Theodore Weld, ed., Arneri—

422
I
SOURCE NOTES

can Slavery As
It
Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses ( 1839), New York: Amo Press &
The
New York Times, 1968, p. 182.

( 155 ) "One day the owner ordered": Weld, p.
I
5.

(
56) "The women who visited me": Frances Anne Kemble, Journal of a
Residence
on a Georgian
Plantation in 1838-1839
( 2863 ), John
A.
Scott edn., London: Jonathan Cape, 1961, p. 222.

( 156) "proven" commanded higher price: Bancrof t, pp. 77 n, 81-82. ( I 56) "Negroes for Sale": Weld, p. I 75.

( 156)
It
mattered little who did the impregnating: Bancrof t, p. 85.

(
56) Paternity was seldom entered: The delicious speculation by Fawn Brodie and others on the liaison between Thomas Jefferson and Sally Hemings, his slave, hinges on just this fact.

(
56) female arbitrarily assigned a partner, ordered to mate: Bancrof t, p.

84. See also Kenneth M. Stampp,
The Peculiar Institution,
New York: Knopf, 1956, p. 341.

( 156) "I wish the three girls you purchest": Ulrich B. Phillips, Life and Labor in the Old
South,
Boston: Little, Brown, i929, p. 278.

(
57) "Having to submit": Stampp, p. 335.

( 157) ·"We don't care what they do": Phillips, p. 204. ( 157) "Flogged Joe Goodwyn": Stampp, p. 342.

(
57) slave woman .forced to live: Charles Ball, Fif ty Years in
Chains

H. Dayton 1859, pp. 122, 197.

( 157) used by her white owner: Stampp, p. 355.

( 157) "I believe it is the custom": Lydia Maria Child, comp.,
The
Patriar
chal Institution
as Described by Members of its
own
Family, New York: The American AntiSlavery Society, 1860, p. 28.

( 157) young sons eager for initiation: Stampp, p. 3 55.

(157) ". . . I have not humped": James Thomas Flexner, George Wash
ington
and
the New Nation ( 1783-1793 ),
Boston: Little, Brown, 1970, p. 24.

( 158) P.rivilege filtered down: Stampp, p. 354.

(
58) 'This same planter": Weld, p.
i
5.

(
58) "Patsey was slim and straight": "Twelve Years a Slave, the Narrative of Solomon Northup" (1853 ) , Gilbert Osofsky, ed., Puttin' On Ole Massa, New York: Harper Torchbooks, 2969, pp. 327-328, 333-334,

350-351, 367-369.

( 160) "The female slave": Child, p. 28.

(
60) "\Vhite mothers and daughters": Ibid.

( 16i)
"Will not the natural impulses": Child, p. 34.

( 161) "A Negress was hung this year": Frederick Law Olmsted, A Journey
in the
Seaboard
Slave
States ( 1856) ,
New
York: Negro Universities Press, 1968, p. 6o1.

1. Footnote, ". . . white women apparently believed": Stampp, p. 356. ( 161) "The day I arrived": Weld, p. 157.
   

   ( 162) Lucy and Frank: Ball, p. 295.
   

   (
   62. )
   Peggy and Patrick: James H. Johnston, Race Relations in Virginia and Miscegenation
   in the
   South,
   1776-1860
   (1937), Amherst: Uni versity of Massachusetts Press, 2970, p. 307.
   

2. ) concept of raping a slave did not exist: Ulrich Phillips has written, ". . . although the wilful killing of slaves was generally held to be murder, the violation of their women was without criminal penalty." He also cites a rule that one plantation owner imposed on his over-
   

   

   SOURCE NOTES
   I
   423
   

   seers: "Having connection with any of my female servants will most certainly be visited with a dismissal from my employment, and no excuse can or will be taken." ( Ulrich B. Phillips, American Negro Slavery [1918], Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1969, pp. 500, 273-274.) See also Jordan, p. 157.
   

3. Footnote, advertisement for runaway: Ulrich B. Phillips, ed., Planta tion and Frontier ( A Documentary History of American Industrial Society, Vol. II ) , Cleveland: Arthur
   H.
   Clark, 1910, p. 122.
   

( 163) "Slaves are bound": Jordan, p. 160.

1. Statutory prohibitions: Jordan, p. 139; Johnston, pp. 172-175. (164 ) Even in South Carolina: Jordan, p. 140.
   

   ( 164) divorce suits and bastardy charges: Jordan, p. 139; Johnston, pp. 175—
   

   179, 250-257.
   

2. "The slave is undoubtedly subject": Helen T. Catterall, ed., Judicial Cases Concerning American Slavery and the Negro ( 1932) , New York: Octagon, 1968, Vol. 3, p. 316.
   

3. slaveholder wills: Johnston, pp. 218-236.
   

(
65) "We forbear to lif t the veil": Child, p. 29.

1. "The character of the white ladies": Gerda Lerner, The Grimke Sisters from South Carolina, Boston: Houghton Miffiin, 1967, p. 179.
   

   (
   166) "Of this woman's life": Frances Anne Kemble,
   fournal
   of
   a Residence
   

   on a Georgian Plantation in i838-1839, New York: Harper
   &
   Brothers, 1863, pp. i40-141 n. By comparing this edition with the Scott edition published by Cape (op. cit.), I have been able to fill in some names that a fearful Kemble chose to identify by an initial in her original work.
   

2. "Before reaching the house": Kemble, 1863 edn., p. 232.
   

3. "Almost beyond my patience": Kemble, 1863 edn., p. 228.
   

(
168) Kemble privately circulated: See editor's introduction, Scott edn., for a reliable short history of the fournal's fortunes. See also Kemble, Records of a Later Lite, New York: Holt, 1882, p. 324, for a refer ence to the role played by Lydia Maria Child. See Mr. Butler's State ment, Philadelphia: J. C. Clark, 1850, pp. 15-18, for the role played by Butler in the Journal's suppression and the role played by the Journal in the Kemble-Butler divorce.

( 168) Traders openly sold their prettiest: Bancroft, pp. 329-338.

(
68) "Every slaveholder is the legalized keeper": Frederick Douglass, Lectures on American Slavery, Buffalo: G. Reese, 1851, "Lecture No. 2, December 8, i850." Also in Herbert Aptheker, ed.,
A
Docu mentary History of the Negro People in the United States, New York:

Citadel, i951, Vol. 1, p. 313. ·

( 169) " . largest market for 'fancy girls' ": Bancrof t, p. 329. ( i69) " . great profit": Ibid.

(
69) " . . luxurious ideal": Ibid.

ADDENDUM: THE CLIOMETRICIANS

(
70) cliometricians argue: Robert William Fogel and Stanley L. Enger man, Time on the Cross:
The
Economics of American Negro Slavery, Boston: Little, Brown, 1974, Vol. I, pp. 130-138, i43-144; Vol. II, pp. 24-2 5, io6, 114-115, 169.

(172 ) age of first menstrual period declining: H. Katchadourian and

(173)

(175)

( 175)

(175 )

(
1
75 )

( 175)

(175)

(
1
75 )

( 176)

(176)

( 176)

(177)

(178 )

( 178)

( 178)

(178)

( 178)

(179)

( 179)

(180)

(181)

D. T. Lunde, Fundamentals
of
Human Sexuality, New York: Holt, Rinehart, 1972, p. 86.

fertility in the first few years: Ashley Montagu, Sex, Man
&
Society,

New York: Tower Publications, 1969, pp. 115-128 (Chap. 14, "Adolescent Sterility"); Clellan S. Ford and Frank A. Beach, Patterns
of Sexual Behavior,
New York: Harper Colophon, 1972, pp. 172—

173. Ford and Beach, professors at Yale, say succinctly, "Relatively few girls are capable of reproduction before fifteen years of age, and even then their reproductive capacity is not as great as it will be later. The average age for full reproductive maturity in women has been estimated at approximately twenty-three years. This means that coitus is less likely to result in conception in the postpuberal girl than in the mature woman."

6.
THE POLICE-BLOTTER RAPIST

"one of the most underreported crimes": Federal Bureau of Investi gation,
Uniform
Crime Reports, 1973, p. 15.

one in five or one in twenty: Menachem Amir, Patterns
in Forcible

Rape, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1971, pp. 27-28. a provable bias: See my Chapter 11, "Victims: The Crime." On a national average:
UCR,
p. 15.

In some locales: Speech by Leslie Snyder, Assistant Manhattan Dis trict Attorney, before the Bar Association of the City of New York, Jan. 16, 1974. Snyder's computation was for New York County, based on the number of arrests for rape in 1972. She offered the fol lowing rates for other locales: Chicago,
I
7
%;
Boston,
I.
5 %; San Francisco, 28%.

In
1973 the FBI reported: UCR, p. 14.

comparative statistics, murder, assault, robbery: UCR, pp. 6,
11, 15.

comparative clearance rates: UCR, pp. io, 11, 16.

police-blotter rapists, statistical description:
UCR,
p. 15.

Connell's protagonist: Evan S. Connell, Jr., The Diary of a Rapist, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1966, throughout.

"Philosophically a sex offense": Manfred S. Guttmacher, Sex Offenses,

New York: Norton, 1951, p. 15.

"Moral opprobrium": Benjamin Karpman,
The Sexual
Offender and

His
Offenses, New York: Julian Press, 1954, p. 477. ". . . defies the biological goal": Karpman, p. 372. Freudian definition: Karpman, pp. 347, 479, 482.

". . . sexually well-ad justed youths": Guttmacher, p. 50. two clinical studies: Guttmacher, pp. 81-86.