A Queer History of the United States (39 page)

Civil War.
See
American Civil War

Clark, Badger, 43, 44–45, 45–46

Clift, Montgomery, 190, 193–94

Collins, Joseph, 101–2

colonial era: the body in, 12, 17; capitalism in, 2, 5, 17, 19, 22; capital punishment in, 9, 14–15, 20; citizenship in, 21, 23; colonies established during, 5–6, 13–14, 19–20; community in, 10–11, 12, 13, 15; correspondence in, 11; democracy in, 10; desire in, 8, 9, 11, 12, 18, 24, 25; deviance in, 15–16, 17; diaries in, 3–5, 11; dress in, 2–5, 12–13; equality in, 21; family in, 10, 12, 15; gender in, 2–5, 13; identity in, 5, 10–11, 17; individual in, 11, 12, 13, 20, 21; language in, 11; laws in, 8–11, 13, 14–16, 17, 18, 20, 23, 28; leisure in, 12–13; liberty in, 2, 5, 15, 20, 21; literature in, 24–25; marriage in, 2, 4, 5, 10, 12, 14, 25; Native Americans in, 1–5, 14, 17, 18, 20, 23–24, 24–25; persecuting society in, 16–18, 21–25, 39; pleasure in, 12–13; population in, 19, 21, 22; privacy in, 9–10, 18; property in, 21, 23; Puritanism in, 6–18; race in, 21; religion in, 6, 7–8, 13, 20, 22–23; reproduction in, 13; science in, 26; sexuality in, 2–5, 8–18, 23–25; sin in, 11; slavery in, 13, 20, 21–25; society in, 12–18, 20–25; sodomy in, 4, 10–11, 14, 28; violence in, 2, 5, 18.
See also
individual colonies

“Come Back to the Raft Ag'in, Huck Honey!” (Fiedler), 57, 190

coming out, 209, 220, 222, 223, 236–37

communism: Black Panther Party and, 229; civil rights and, 203; Macfadden and, 138; Mattachine Society and, 179, 180; Red Scare and, 142–48; Roosevelt, Eleanor, and, 173; Vietnam War and, 205

community: in 1950s, 179–83; in 1970s, 216; in 1990s, 236–38; AIDS and, 227–30; in American Civil War era, 70–72; art and, 126–28; in Boston, 108, 171, 172, 173; censorship and, 182; citizenship and, 70–71, 127; in colonial era, 10–11, 12, 13, 15; consumerism and, 189; crime and, 123–25, 171; economy and, 47–48, 171; entertainment and, 111, 113, 114, 120–22, 161–62, 171–73, 182; family and, 106, 108–9; friendship and, 109–11; gender and, 70–72, 181–82; housing and, 107–9, 171, 177; identity and, 10–11, 106; individual and, 109; journalism and, 124; labor and, 107, 109, 171; laws and, 123–25; leisure and, 46, 111–12, 113, 171–73, 182; LGBT movements and, 176, 179–83, 189; liberty and, 15, 47; literature and, 123, 125–26; marginalization and, 127–28, 173–74; morality and, 107–8; in New York City, 171, 172; population and, 106–7; privacy and, 47–48, 112, 122–28; public sphere and, 47–48, 112, 122–28, 182; Puritanism and, 12, 13; race and, 112–13, 126–28, 177; reproduction and, 106; in San Francisco, 46–48, 171, 184, 216; sexology and, 114, 123; social class and, 47–48; social purity movements and, 111–12, 123–25; urbanization and, 106–13, 122–28, 170–75; violence and, 48; in the West, 46–48; World War II and, 160–63, 170–75, 176–77.
See also
society

Comstock, Anthony, 86, 137

Comstock Act, 86, 137, 143

conformity, 190–95

Connor, Chris, 182

conservative movements, 219–24, 226–27, 230–31, 239–40.
See also
persecuting society; social purity movements

Constitution, 23, 26, 32, 84.
See also
Supreme Court

consumerism: in 1950s, 177, 187–88, 193, 200; art and, 138–39; the body and, 137–39; community and, 189; culture and, 130–31, 137; gender and, 131, 137–42; heterosexuality and, 130–31, 140–42; identity and, 130–31; leisure and, 131; LGBT movements and, 189; marriage and, 140; public sphere and, 139; religion and, 140–42; same-sex relationships and, 129–30; urbanization and, 129, 130; World War II and, 162–63.
See also
economy

Continental Baths, 217

The Contrast
(Tyler), 29–30

Cook, Blanche Wiesen, 109

Cooper, James Fenimore, 57, 58, 190

Cooper, Merian C., 136

correspondence: in American Civil War era, 71–72, 73, 77–78; in American Revolutionary War era, xi, 33–35, 45; in colonial era, 11; friendship and, 33–35, 110; in literature of the East, 52, 53–54; of Roosevelt, Eleanor, 150

cowboys, 43–46

Crain, Caleb, 48, 49, 51

crime: in 1950s, 190–91; community and, 123–25, 171; language and, xvi; laws and, xv, xvi, 123–25; psychiatry compared, 166; public sphere and, 123–25; social purity movements and, 90–91, 123–25; urbanization and, 123–25; violence and, 173–74; World War II and, 171.
See also
police

The Crisis
, 127, 143

Crockett, Davy, 41

cross-dressing: in American Civil War era, 69–70; in American Revolutionary War era, 35, 36, 37; in colonial era, 2–5, 13; in England, 6; expansion and, 42; in the West, 42.
See also
dress

Crow, Emma, 71, 72

Cullen, Countee, xii, 127

culture: in 1950s, 179–83, 190–94, 196, 197–201; in 1960s, 177, 194–96, 197–201, 203–4, 223; in 1970s, 217; in 1990s and after, 236–38; consumerism and, 130–31, 137; dress and, 196; economy and, 130–31; European, 1–5; identity and, 130–31, 196; LGBT movements and, 217; marginalization of, generally, xiii; marriage and, 190; of military, 138; Native American, 1–5; privacy and, 130–31; for same-sex relationships, 179–80, 182–83, 197–201, 232, 236–38; World War II and, 152

Cupid's Yokes
, 95

Cushman, Charlotte, 71–72

Cutpurse, Moll, 6

Dade County, 219–20, 220–21, 222, 223

Damon and Pythias, 59, 61

Darwin, Charles, 56, 64

Daughters of Bilitis, 181, 202, 213, 214

Day, F. Holland, 76, 77, 188, 234

Dean, James, 190, 191, 193–94

Death in Venice
(Mann), 125

Deism, 27, 64

D'Emilio, John, 102, 182, 203

democracy, 10, 52, 60, 77, 78–82

demographics.
See
population

desegregation, 93, 108

desire: in 1960s, 186, 204; in 1980s, 229, 235; in American Civil War era, 65–68, 71, 73, 75, 77–81; in American Revolutionary War era, xi–xii, 32, 33–34; in colonial era, 8, 9, 11, 12, 18, 24, 25; in the East, literature of, 49, 50–56, 58–62; expansion and, 43–44, 45–46; fantasies and, 104, 114, 125; friendship and, 32, 33–34; heterosexual, 44; in history, generally, xii, xv–xvii; identity and, 97, 103; language for, xvi–xvii, xviii; in literature, 96–99, 103; race and, 24, 25, 57, 58–62; recently, 237, 241; sexology and, 95–99; social purity movements and, 84, 87, 89, 95–99, 103, 111; urbanization and, 123; World War II and, 156–57, 160, 162, 168.
See also
emotion; same-sex relationships

deviance, 15–16, 17, 123–25, 158–59, 237, 240.
See also
mental health

DeWolf, Elsie, 121

Dewson, Molly, 149

diaries, 3–5, 11, 49, 50–51, 61, 66, 72

Dickinson, Emily, xii, xviii, 1, 53–54

Dietrich, Marlene, 118, 182, 196, 216

discrimination.
See
civil rights

The Doctor Looks at Love and Life
(Collins), 101–2

domestic abuse, 84

Donahue, Troy, 192

“don't ask, don't tell” policy, 236

Douglas, Mary, 17, 143, 226

The Drag
(West), 115–16, 117–18

dress, 2–5, 12–13, 138–39, 196, 204.
See also
cross-dressing

Dressler, Marie, 120–21

drugs: in 1950s, 200; in 1960s, 203, 207; in 1970s, 217; in 1980s, 225, 227, 231–32, 234; social purity movements and, 85

Du Bois, W. E. B., 64, 90, 127, 143, 168

Eakins, Thomas, 76, 77, 188

the East and expansion, 48–56, 58–62

economy: community and, 47–48, 171; culture and, 130–31; heterosexuality and, 130–31; identity and, 83, 130–31; Industrial Revolution, 83; Red Scare and, 145; same-sex relationships and, 129–30; in San Francisco, 47–48; suffrage and, 84; urbanization and, 129, 130; World War II and, 152, 171.
See also
capitalism; consumerism

Edmonds, Sarah Emma, 68, 69

education: AIDS and, 225–26, 227–30, 234–35; in American Civil War era, 70; in history, xx; manuals for, 100–102, 125, 134–35; marriage and, 73–74; race and, 89; religion and, 101–2, 134–35; sex, 86, 99, 100–102; social purity movements and, 100–102

effeminate homosexual, 96, 115, 159, 161, 179, 192

Ellis, Albert, 186–87

Ellis, Havelock, xvii, 116, 126

Eltinge, Julian, 114–15

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 49–50, 58, 66, 67, 71, 77

emotion, 49–50, 65–66, 156–57, 167–69.
See also
desire

employment, 72, 148–49, 154–55, 181.
See also
labor

End as a Man
(Willingham), 197

Endymion, 50–51

Enlightenment, 26–28, 32, 39, 50, 64

entertainment: in 1950s, 182, 194–95, 197; in 1960s, 194–95, 197–200, 203–4, 237; in 1970s, 215–16, 217, 237; censorship of, 104, 116, 117–18, 119, 182, 195, 197, 199; community and, 111, 113, 114, 120–22, 161–62, 171–73, 182; gender and, 104–6, 113–22; heterosexuality and, 141; importance of, generally, xix; journalism and, 116, 117, 118–19; LGBT movements and, 182, 215–16, 217, 237–38; literature and, 114; in New York City, 117–18, 172, 198–99; othering and, 113–14; public sphere and, 182; race and, 113, 115, 163, 198–99; religion and, 117–18, 119; same-sex relationships and, 118, 120–22; sexology and, 115–16; sexuality and, 104–6, 113–22; urbanization and, 104–6, 111, 113–22, 171–73, 217; World War II and, 158, 161–62, 163, 171–73.
See also
film; leisure; music; theater

equality: in 1950s, 179–83; in American Revolutionary War era, 27, 32; in colonial era, 21; Enlightenment and, 26; individual and, 49–50, 80, 221–22, 239; LGBT movements and, 93–95, 179–83, 221–22, 238–42; liberty and, 80, 239, 242; in literature of the East, 49–50; slavery and, 21; transcendentalism and, 66, 80.
See also
liberty

Equi, Mary, 146, 147

Espionage Act, 142–43, 145, 146

eugenics, 132–33, 144

Europe, 6–8, 27, 78–79

expansion: civilization and, 44–46, 58–62; cross-dressing and, 42; desire and, 43–44, 45–46, 49, 50–56, 57, 58–62; family and, 45; gender and, 41–46; homosocial space and, 42–46; identity and, 40–41; immigration and, 46–47; laws and, 47; literature and, 43–46, 48–56, 58–62; in literature of the East, 48–56, 58–62; marriage and, 45; pleasure and, 52; same-sex relationships and, 43–46, 48–56, 58–62; San Francisco in, 46–48; violence and, 40–41, 47, 48; in the West, 41–46

Eyde, Edith, 176, 179

Eyen, Tom, 198

Fabian, 195

Faderman, Lillian, xiv, 70, 96, 118, 121, 160, 213

Fag Rag
, xvii, 211

fairy, 122–23

Falwell, Jerry, 221, 226

family: in 1970s, 218, 222, 223; in 1980s, 226–27, 236; in colonial era, 10, 12, 15; community and, 106, 108–9; eugenics and, 133; expansion and, 45; housing and, 108–9; laws and, 236, 240; LGBT movements and, 218, 222, 223, 240; Puritanism and, 10, 12, 15; Red Scare and, 144; reproduction and, 106; social purity movements and, 87, 100; urbanization and, 106, 108–9; in the West, 45; World War II and, 156, 170.
See also
marriage

fantasies: in 1950s, 187; in 1970s, 222; desire and, 104, 114, 125; LGBT movements and, 222; Native Americans and, 24–25; slavery and, 24; social purity movements and, 104; theater and, 104; violence and, 24

Faye, Frances, 172

Federal Bureau of Investigation, 124, 143, 177

Fellowship of Reconciliation, 203, 206

The Female Marine, or the Adventures of Miss Lucy Brewer
(Wright), 37–39

The Female Review
(Sampson), 36, 37

feminism: in 1950s, 202; in 1960s, 204, 206–7; in 1970s, 212–14, 218, 221; in 1980s, 229, 230; citizenship and, 56; health care and, 229; identity and, 213; lesbian feminist social justice movement, 145–48, 212–14, 222; LGBT movements and, 202, 207, 212–14, 229, 230; liberty and, 94; literature and, 213; pleasure and, 230; Red Scare and, 145–48; slavery and, 33

Fiedler, Leslie, 57, 61, 190

Fields, Mary, 42

film: in 1950s, 190, 191–94, 197–98, 199–200, 223; in 1960s, 197–98, 237; in 1970s, 215–16, 237; in 2000s, 237; AIDS and, 233; censorship of, 87, 119, 199; gender and, 113–14, 118–20; journalism and, 118–19; LGBT movements and, 215–16, 237; marriage and, 194; othering and, 113–14; Production Code, 119, 197; religion and, 119; same-sex relationships and, 118; social purity movements and, 87; urbanization and, 113–14, 118–19; World War II and, 162