A Big Fat Crisis (36 page)

21
. Bellisle F. Effects of diet on behaviour and cognition in children.
British Journal of Nutrition
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22
. Wang J, Novemsky N, Dhar R, Baumeister RF. Trade-offs and depletion in choice.
Journal of Marketing Research
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23
. Bruyneel S, Dewitte S, Vohs KD, Warlop L. Repeated choosing increases susceptibility to affective product features.
International Journal of Research in Marketing
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24
. Spears D. Economic decision-making in poverty depletes behavioral control.
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25
. Stroebe W, Mensink W, Aarts H, Schut H, Kruglanski AW. Why dieters fail: testing the goal conflict model of eating.
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26
. Stroebe et al. Why dieters fail. See also: Polivy J, Herman CP, Coelho JS. Caloric restriction in the presence of attractive food cues: external cues, eating, and weight.
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Addictive Behaviors
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Journal of Abnormal Psychology
. May 2002;111(2):396–401.

27
. Bryan J, Tiggemann M. The effect of weight-loss dieting on cognitive performance and psychological well-being in overweight women.
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The British Journal of Clinical Psychology
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Appetite
. Dec 2003;41(3):291–300.

28
. Vohs and Heatherton, Self-regulatory failure. See also: Vohs and Baumeister, Making choices. See also: Vohs KD, Baumeister RF. Ego depletion, self-control, and choice. In: Greenberg J, Koole SL, Pyszczynski, T, eds:
Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology
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Journal of Consumer Research
. Mar 2007;33(4):537–547.

29
. Baumeister RF, Muraven M, Tice DM. Ego depletion: a resource model of volition, self-regulation, and controlled processing.
Social Cognition
. 2000;18(2):130–150.

30
. Baumeister RF, Vohs KD, Tice DM. The strength model of self-control.
Current Directions in Psychological Science
. Dec 2007;16(6):351–355.

31
. Schwartz.
The Paradox of Choice
.

Chapter 3: The Overworked Brain

1
. Shah J. The automatic pursuit and management of goals.
Current Directions in Psychological Science
. Feb 2005;14(1):10–13.

2
. Bargh J, Chartrand T. The unbearable automaticity of being.
American Psychologist
. 1999;54(7):462–479.

3
. Shiv B, Fedorikhin A. Heart and mind in conflict: the interplay of affect
and cognition in consumer decision making.
Journal of Consumer Research
. Dec 1999;26(3):278–292.

4
. Ibid.

5
. Dijksterhuis A, Smith P, van Baaren R, Wigboldus D. The unconscious consumer: effects of environment on consumer behavior.
Journal of Consumer Psychology
. 2005;15(3):193–202.

6
. Bellisle F, Dalix AM. Cognitive restraint can be offset by distraction, leading to increased meal intake in women.
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
. Aug 2001;74(2):197–200.

7
. Higgs S. Memory and its role in appetite regulation.
Physiology & Behavior
. May 19, 2005;85(1):67–72.

8
. Higgs S. Memory for recent eating and its influence on subsequent food intake.
Appetite
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Physiology & Behavior
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9
. Banks E, Jorm L, Rogers K, Clements M, Bauman A. Screen-time, obesity, ageing and disability: findings from 91,266 participants in the 45 and Up Study.
Public Health Nutrition
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10
. Robinson TN, Hammer LD, Killen JD, et al. Does television viewing increase obesity and reduce physical activity? Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses among adolescent girls.
Pediatrics
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JAMA
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11
. Wilson T, Brekke N. Mental contamination and mental correction: unwanted influences on judgments and evaluations.
Psychological Bulletin
. Jul 1994;116(1):117–142.

12
. Salwen M, Dupagne M. The third-person effect.
Communication Research
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13
. Hall KD, Sacks G, Chandramohan D, et al. Quantification of the effect of energy imbalance on bodyweight.
Lancet
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Chapter 4: Eating Is Automatic

1
. Bargh J, Chartrand T. The unbearable automaticity of being.
American Psychologist
. 1999;54(7):462–479.

2
. Libet B. Voluntary acts and readiness potentials.
Electroencephalography
and Clinical Neurophysiology
. Jan 1992;82(1):85–86. See also: Libet B. How does conscious experience arise? The neural time factor.
Brain Research Bulletin
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Consciousness and Cognition
. Sep 2003;12(3):321–331. See also: Libet B, Gleason CA, Wright EW, Pearl DK. Time of conscious intention to act in relation to onset of cerebral activity (readiness-potential): the unconscious initiation of a freely voluntary act.
Brain
. Sep 1983;106(Pt 3):623–642.

3
. Baumeister RF, Masicampo EJ, Vohs KD. Do conscious thoughts cause behavior?
Annual Review of Psychology
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Brain
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4
. Berridge KC, Winkielman P. What is an unconscious emotion? (The case for unconscious “liking”).
Cognition and Emotion
. 2003;17(2):181–211. See also: Dijksterhuis A, Aarts H. On wildebeests and humans: the preferential detection of negative stimuli.
Psychological Science
. 2003;14(1):14–18. See also: Dijksterhuis A, Aarts H, Smith PK. The power of the subliminal: on subliminal persuasion and other potential applications. In: Hassin RR, Uleman JS, Bargh, JA, eds.
The New Unconscious
. New York: Oxford University Press; 2005:Ed.

5
. Bargh JA. Losing consciousness: automatic influences on consumer judgment, behavior, and motivation.
Journal of Consumer Research
2002;29(2):280–285.

6
. Baumeister, Masicampo, and Vohs. Do conscious thoughts cause behavior?

7
. Nijs IMT, Muris P, Euser AS, Franken IHA. Differences in attention to food and food intake between overweight/obese and normal-weight females under conditions of hunger and satiety.
Appetite
. 2009;54(2):243–254.

8
. Milosavljevic M, Koch C, Rangel A. Consumers can make decisions in as little as a third of a second.
Judgment and Decision Making
. 2011;6(6):520–530.

9
. Ibid.

10
. Thomas M, Desai KK, Seenivasan S. How credit card payments increase unhealthy food purchases: visceral regulation of vices.
Journal of Consumer Research
. Jun 2011;38(1):126–139.

11
. Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Maynard L, et al. Brain dopamine is associated with eating behaviors in humans.
International Journal of Eating Disorders
. Mar 2003;33(2):136–142.

12
. Volkow ND. This is your brain on food. Interview by Kristin Leutwyler-Ozelli.
Scientific American
. Sep 2007;297(3):84–85.

13
. Barker RG. Explorations in ecological psychology.
American Psychologist
. 1965;20(1):1–14.

14
. Diliberti N, Bordi PL, Conklin MT, Roe LS, Rolls BJ. Increased portion
size leads to increased energy intake in a restaurant meal.
Obesity Research
. Mar 2004;12(3):562–568. See also: Levitsky DA, Youn T. The more food young adults are served, the more they overeat.
Journal of Nutrition
. Oct 2004;134(10):2546–2549. See also: Orlet Fisher J, Rolls BJ, Birch LL. Children’s bite size and intake of an entree are greater with large portions than with age-appropriate or self-selected portions.
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
. May 2003;77(5):1164–1170. See also: Rolls BJ, Morris EL, Roe LS. Portion size of food affects energy intake in normal-weight and overweight men and women.
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
. Dec 2002;76(6):1207–1213. See also: Rolls BJ, Roe LS, Kral TV, Meengs JS, Wall DE. Increasing the portion size of a packaged snack increases energy intake in men and women.
Appetite
. Feb 2004;42(1):63–69.

15
. Diliberti, Bordi, Conklin, Roe, and Rolls. Increased portion size.

16
. Chandon P, Wansink B. Is food marketing making us fat? a multi-disciplinary review.
Foundations and Trends in Marketing
. 2010;5(3):113–196.

17
. Fisher, Rolls, and Birch. Children’s bite size and intake.

18
. Fisher JO, Liu Y, Birch LL, Rolls BJ. Effects of portion size and energy density on young children’s intake at a meal.
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
. Jul 2007;86(1):174–179.

19
. Levitsky and Youn. The more food young adults are served.

20
. Diliberti, Bordi, Conklin, Roe, and Rolls. Increased portion size.

21
. Rolls BJ, Roe LS, Meengs JS. The effect of large portion sizes on energy intake is sustained for 11 days.
Obesity
. Jun 2007;15(6):1535–1543.

22
. Rolls, Morris, and Roe. Portion size of food affects energy intakes.

23
. Young LR, Nestle M. The contribution of expanding portion sizes to the US obesity epidemic.
American Journal of Public Health
. Feb 2002;92(2):246–249.

24
. Schwartz J, Byrd-Bredbenner C. Portion distortion: typical portion sizes selected by young adults.
Journal of the American Dietetic Association
. Sep 2006;106(9):1412–1418.

25
. Nestle M. Increasing portion sizes in American diets: more calories, more obesity.
Journal of the American Dietetic Association
. Jan 2003;103(1):39–40.

26
. Bruemmer B, Krieger J, Saelens BE, Chan N. Energy, saturated fat, and sodium were lower in entrees at chain restaurants at 18 months compared with 6 months following the implementation of mandatory menu labeling regulation in King County, Washington.
Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
. Aug 2012;112(8):1169–1176.

27
. Raghubir P, Krishna A. Vital dimensions in volume perception: can the eye fool the stomach?
Journal of Marketing Research
. 1999;36(3):313–326.

28
. Yuhas JA, Bolland JE, Bolland TW. The impact of training, food type, gender, and container size on the estimation of food portion sizes.
Journal of the American Dietetic Association
. Oct 1989;89(10):1473–1477. See also: Bolland JE, Yuhas JA, Bolland TW. Estimation of food portion sizes: effectiveness of training.
Journal of the American Dietetic Association
. Jul 1988;88(7):817–821.