1999 (58 page)

   value of,
84
–86,
191

security aid,
296

Senate, U.S.,
see
Congress, U.S.

Shanghai Communiqué,
258
,
262

Sherr, William,
101

Shining Path, The,
291

Simes, Dimitri,
45

Singapore,
268
–69

Somoza, Anastasio,
134
–35

South Africa, Republic of:

   racial injustice in,
282
–85

   UNITA aided by,
142
–43

Soviet gas pipeline crisis,
60

Soviet Union,
17
,
22
–23,
306

   Afghanistan invaded by,
48
,
58
–59,
75
–76,
105
,
111
,
115
,
118
,
167
,
179
,
182
,
190
,
274

   Afghani war of,
35
–36,
48
–50,
137
–142,
157
,
260
,
274

   Arab–Israeli conflict and,
276
,
279

   arms treaty compliance of,
88
–89,
96
,
184
–85

   bureaucracy of,
42
–43,
158

   China compared with,
42
,
250

   
Chinese split with,
72
,
241
–44,
246
–247,
255
,
260

   conventional force superiority of,
68
–69,
72
,
75
–76,
82
,
171
,
198
,
200
–202,
210
–11,
214
–15

   counterforce warhead advantage of,
92
–93

   Czechoslovakia invaded by,
147
–48,
191

   differences between U.S. and,
46
–48,
50
–51,
163
–64,
316
–17

   expansionism of,
25
–26,
33
,
36
,
38
,
48
,
52
–57,
72
,
76
,
98
–99,
105
,
114
,
131
–32,
147
,
166
,
179
,
192
,
204
–5,
275
,
305
,
309
,
313
–14

   export of strategic technologies to,
218
,
227

   external problems of,
35
–36,
54
–55,
145
–55,
163

   Far East military buildup of,
229
–231

   Hungary invaded by,
147
–49,
205

   Indian relations with,
272
,
274
–75

   internal problems of,
33
–43,
45
,
54
–55,
59
–60,
64
,
69
,
155
–59,
199
,
218
,
239
–40,
313
–14

   Japan and,
223
,
227
,
229
–32,
234
,
239
–40

   Jewish emigration from,
39
,
180

   Latin American trade interests of,
291

   leaders of,
29
–33,
146

   Moslem peoples of,
157
,
294

   most-favored-nation status denied to,
57
–58

   NATO relations with,
217
–19

   negotiating with,
63
–65,
160
–94

   nuclear superiority pursued by,
77
–83,
135

   people of,
42
–43,
49
–51,
60
,
157
,
294

   policy of détente and,
56
–58,
62
,
99
,
152

   policy of deterrence and,
see
deterrence, policy of

   South African interests of,
283
–84

   superdove view of,
58
–59,
62

   superhawk view of,
59
–62

   thaw in Chinese relations with,
261

   U.S. competition with,
53
–54,
63
–65,
98
–159,
266
,
309
,
313
,
316
–18,
321

   U.S. relations with,
23
,
25
–31,
33
,
62
,
64
,
99
,
178
–81,
186
,
188
–90,
193
,
315

   value of human life in,
76

   Western Europe threatened by,
197
–202,
208
–9

space exploration,
312

Spain,
196

Spinoza, Baruch,
303

Sputnik,
312

Stalin, Joseph,
16
,
25
–26,
29
–30,
60
,
65
,
98
,
245
,
293

   Central Asian conquests of,
157

   Church criticized by,
316
–17

   crimes of,
41
,
43
–44

   Eastern European satellites and,
103
,
155

   Gorbachev's reforms and,
41
–43,
250

   nuclear diplomacy and,
67
,
75

   Persian Gulf objectives of,
116
–17

   in Soviet-U.S. negotiations,
161
,
183

START agreement,
88
,
92
–97

   first-strike vulnerability and,
93
–97,
169
–70

   SDI and,
92
–93,
95
,
97
,
184

   verification of,
96
–97

statecraft,
317

   negotiation and,
163
,
165
,
168

State Department, U.S.,
112

   Soviet-U.S. negotiations and,
171
,
173
–75

Steffens, Lincoln,
36

Subic Bay naval base,
144

Sudan,
280
–81

Suez crisis,
73
,
75
,
204
–5,
214

Suharto, General,
271

Sukarno, Achmed,
271

summits, summitry,
161
,
186
–93

   annual,
192
–93

   arms control on agendas of,
191
–92

   exploiting common goals at,
186
–87

   key rules for,
188
–93

   perils of,
187
–88

   quickie,
190
–91

   successful,
189
–90
see also specific summits

Sun Yat-sen,
242

Supreme Court, U.S.,
108
,
319

Syria,
276

Taiwan,
268
–69,
272

   U.S. policy on,
258
–59

   U.S. trade with,
256

Takeshita, Noboru,
236

tank-free zone proposal,
170
–71

Tanzania,
104

Tchaikovsky, Peter Ilyich,
31

Teheran Conference,
161

terrorism,
167
,
216
,
292

Thailand,
269
,
272

Thatcher, Margaret,
35
,
206
,
211

Thieu, Nguyen Van,
122

Third World,
63
,
189
,
264
–300

   causes of unrest and poverty in,
267
–72

   communist insurgencies in,
121
–37,
142
–45,
204
,
208
–9,
270
–71,
285
,
291
–93,
298
–99

   corrupt governments in,
280
–81,
285

   debt crisis of,
114
–15,
286
–90,
297
–298

   definition of,
264

   economic aid for,
103
–5,
123
,
140
,
216
–17,
232
,
234
,
238
–39,
271
,
274
–75,
277
,
279
–80,
292
,
296
–297

   importance of,
265
–67

   irresponsible European positions on,
205
–6

   Islamic fundamentalist revolution in,
293
–95

   Japanese activities in,
232
–34,
238
–239

   NATO mission in,
215
–17

   natural and human resources of,
265
–66,
275

   poverty and misery in,
266
–67,
269
–270,
275
,
279
–80,
287
,
290
–91

   security aid for,
296

   simplistic approaches to,
264
–65,
292
–93

   Soviet economic commitment to,
36
,
44

   Soviet-U.S. competition in,
53
–54,
99
–108,
115
–45,
266

   on summit agendas,
191
–92

   supporting political growth in,
298
–300

   trade needed by,
291
–92,
297

   U.S. policy for,
23
,
295
–300

   
see also specific countries

Thomas Aquinas, Saint,
320

Tito (Josip Broz),
103
,
153

Tocqueville, Alexis de,
25
,
64
–65,
221
,
313

Togo,
281
–82

Tolstoy, Leo,
31

Toshiba,
227

trade negotiations,
184
,
189

   linkage tactic in,
178
–79,
218
–19

   U.S. economic power in,
180
–82

Trident submarine program,
185
,
211

Trident II missile,
84
,
95

Trotsky, Leon,
53

Truman, Harry S.,
75
,
117
,
226

Tunisia,
252

Turkey,
196

Ukraine,
50
,
156
–57

Ukrainian Insurgent Army,
157

UNITA,
142
–43

United Nations,
21
–22,
28
,
73
,
274
,
287
,
308
,
314

   General Assembly of,
22

   Soviet–Afghani war and,
138
–39,
141

   Third World political growth and,
298

United States:

   blacks in,
298
,
318

   critical interests of,
113
–14,
120
–137

   domestic problems of,
318
–19

   economy of,
62
,
224
–27,
238
,
256
,
310
–11,
316
–18

   historical legacy of,
319
–21

   history of,
302
–5,
309
,
316

   idealism of,
27
–28,
306
,
316
–18

   international responsibility of,
19
–23

   Japan occupied by,
222
,
224
,
236

   leadership class of,
307
–8

   national pride of,
20

   negativism in,
307
,
313
,
315

   Soviet rhetoric against,
45
,
78
–79

   spiritual values of,
315
–19

   twenty-first century role of,
302
,
306
,
308
–9

   vital interests of,
113
–20

Versailles, Treaty of,
172
,
305

Vienna summit,
48
,
186
,
190
–91

Vietcong,
293

Vietnam, Democratic Republic of (North),
122

   Soviet aid to,
105
–6

   U.S. negotiations with,
58
,
103
,
106
,
176
,
183

Vietnam, Republic of (South),
122
–23

   U.S. aid to,
58
,
105
–6

Vietnam, Socialist Republic of,
272
,
296

   Cambodia invaded by,
143
–44,
270

   Chinese clash with,
244
,
259

   poverty of,
269
–70,
293

   Soviet naval bases in,
53
,
106

Vietnam War,
100

   Congress and,
57
–58,
106
,
228

   European criticisms of,
205
–6