Cheating Justice (32 page)

68.
Bush, radio address, December 17, 2005.

69.
Youngstown Sheet & Tube Co. v. Sawyer.

70.
Adam Liptak and Eric Lichtblau, “Judge Finds Wiretap Actions Violate the Law,”
New York Times
, August 18, 2006.

71.
American Civil Liberties Union v. National Security Agency, 438 F. Supp.2d 754 (E.D. Mich. 2006),
http://fl1.findlaw.com/
(accessed March 20, 2011).

72.
Hamdan v. Rumsfeld, 548 U.S. 557, f.n. 23 (2006),
http://laws.findlaw.com/
(accessed March 20, 2011).

73.
“Sequels: Not Even Earplugs Could Help,”
Time
, May 30, 1977 (accessed April 20, 2011).

74.
Inspectors General,
Unclassified Report
, p. 13.

75.
Elizabeth Bazan and Jennifer Elsea, “Presidential Authority to Conduct Warrantless Electronic Surveillance to Gather Foreign Intelligence Information,” Congressional Research Service, January 5, 2006, n. 67, p. 17,
www.fas.org/
(accessed March 20, 2011).

76.
Dick Cheney, interview,
Good Morning America
.

77.
American Civil Liberties Union v. National Security Agency.

78.
Dick Cheney, interview,
Good Morning America
.

79.
1 USC § 109, Repeal of Statutes as Affecting Existing Liabilities,
www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/
(accessed April 20, 2011).

80.
Al-Haramain Islamic Foundation v. Bush, Electronic Frontier Foundation.org (accessed March 20, 2011).

81.
Savage and Risen, “Federal Judge Finds N.S.A. Wiretaps.”

82.
Al-Haramain Islamic Foundation, Inc. v. Obama (N.D.Cal., March 31, 2010, MDL
Docket No 06–1791 VRW, Case No. C 07–0109 VRW), Order Re: National Security Agency Telecommunications Records Litigation, pp. 19–20, Electronic Frontier Foundation,
www.eff.org/files/filenode/att/alharamainorder33110.pdf
; order, December 21, 2010,
www.eff.org/files/filenode/att/alharamainorder122110.pdf;
judgment, December 22, 2010,
www.eff.org/files/filenode/att/alharamainjudgment122210.pdf
(all accessed April 11, 2011).

83.
“Beyond FISA.”

84.
Lichtblau and Risen, “Officials Say U.S. Wiretaps.”

85.
FISA Amendments Act of 2008, Sec. 301(a)(3).

86.
Eric Lichtblau and James Risen, “E-Mail Surveillance Renews Concerns in Congress,”
New York Times
, June 16, 2009.

87.
Ibid.

88.
Inspectors General,
Unclassified Report
, p. 31.

89.
Jewel v. National Security Agency, Complaint (U.S. N.D., filed September 18, 2008),
www.eff.org/files/filenode/jewel/jewel.complaint.pdf
.

1.
“Extracts from an Interrogation Log,”
Time
, June 12, 2005.

2.
Jane Mayer, “Outsourcing Torture,”
New Yorker
, February 14, 2005.

3.
Tom Lasseter, “U.S. Abuse of Detainees Was Routine at Afghanistan Bases,” McClatchy, June 16, 2008,
www.mcclatchydc.com
.

4.
“Poles Urged to Probe CIA ‘Black Site,'” CBS World News, September 21, 2010,
www.cbsnews.com
.

5.
Bush,
Decision Points
(New York: Random House, 2010), pp. 169–71.

6.
“Rove ‘Proud' of US Waterboarding Terror Suspects,” BBC, March 12, 2010,
http://news.bbc.co.uk
.

7.
“‘This Week' Transcript: Former Vice President Dick Cheney,”
This Week
, ABC News, February 14, 2010,
http://abcnews.go.com
.

8.
Jennifer Rosenberg, “Mengele's Children: The Twins of Auschwitz,” About.com (accessed April 22, 2011).

9.
Eli Rosenbaum, “Prosecuting Nazi War Criminals,” Jewish Virtual Library,
www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/
(accessed April 22, 2011).

10.
“The Abu Ghraib Files,”
Salon
, March 14, 2006.

11.
“U.S. Operatives Killed Detainees during Interrogations in Afghanistan and Iraq,” press release, American Civil Liberties Union, October 24, 2005,
www.aclu.org/
; “Autopsy Reports Reveal Homicides of Detainees in U.S. Custody,” press release, American Civil Liberties Union, October 24, 2005,
http://action.aclu.org/
(accessed April 22, 2011).

12.
Abraham Lincoln, “Instructions for the Government of Armies of the United States in the Field” (Lieber Code), April 24, 1863, International Committee of the Red Cross,
www.icrc.org/
(accessed April 22, 2011).

13.
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
, December 10, 1948,
www.un.org/
(accessed April 22, 2011).

14.
The Geneva Conventions of 1949 and Their Additional Protocols
, International Committee of the Red Cross,
www.icrc.org/
(accessed April 22, 2011).

15.
Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
, Human Rights Web,
www.hrweb.org/
(accessed April 22, 2011).

16.
War Crimes Act of 1996, 18 USC § 2441,
http://thomas.loc.gov/
(accessed April 22, 2011).

17.
18 USC §§ 2340–2340A (anti-torture law), Cornell University Law School Legal Information Institute, U.S. Code,
www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/
(accessed April 22, 2011).

18.
“The Torture Question: Frequently Asked Questions,”
Army Field Manual
, on
Frontline
, October 18, 2005, PBS,
www.pbs.org/
.

19.
Mayer,
Dark Side
, pp. 93–94.

20.
Mayer, “Outsourcing Torture.”

21.
U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services,
Inquiry into the Treatment of Detainees in U.S. Custody
, November 20, 2008, pp. xii-xxvii, 1–15,
http://armed-services.senate.gov/
(accessed April 22, 2011).

22.
Ibid.

23.
Joseph Margulies, “The More Subtle Kind of Torment,”
Washington Post
, October 2, 2006.

24.
Barton Gellman and Jo Becker, “Pushing the Envelope on Presidential Power,”
Washington Post
, June 25, 2007.

25.
Colin Powell, “Draft Decision Memorandum for the President on the Applicability of the Geneva Conventions to the Conflict in Afghanistan,” George Washington University, National Security Archive,
http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/
(accessed April 11, 2011).

26.
George W. Bush, “Humane Treatment of al Qaeda and Taliban Detainees,” memorandum to the vice president, secretary of state, et al., February 7, 2002,
http://www.torturingdemocracy.org/documents/
(accessed April 22, 2011).

27.
U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services,
Inquiry into the Treatment of Detainees
, p. xxvi.

28.
Albert D. Biderman, “Communist Attempts to Elicit False Confessions from Air Force Prisoners of War,”
Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine
33, no. 9 (September 1957): 616;
www.torturingdemocracy.org/documents/19570900.pdf
(accessed April 22, 2011).

29.
Scott Shane, “China Inspired Interrogations at Guantánamo,”
New York Times
, July 2, 2008.

30.
U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services,
Inquiry into the Treatment of Detainees
, p. xxxi.

31.
Ibid., p. 15.

32.
Bush,
Decision Points
, p. 169.

33.
Central Intelligence Agency, Inspector General, “Special Review, Counterterrorism, Detention and Interrogation Activities (September 2001–October 2003),” May 7, 2004, pp. 12–14, 35, 84–85, 90, George Washington University, National Security Archive,
Torturing Democracy
website,
http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/torturingdemocracy/
(accessed April 22, 2011),

34.
Jan Crawford Greenburg, Howard L. Rosenberg, and Ariane de Vogue, “Top Bush Advisors Approved ‘Enhanced Interrogation,'” ABC News, April 9, 2008,
http://abcnews.go.com/
.

35.
U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Professional Responsibility,
Investigation into the Office of Legal Counsel's Memoranda Concerning Issues Relating to the Central Intelligence Agency's Use of “Enhanced Interrogation Techniques” on Suspected Terrorists
, July 29, 2009, p. 16,
http://judiciary.house.gov/
(accessed June 20, 2011).

36.
Jack Goldsmith,
The Terror Presidency: Law and Judgment Inside the Bush Administration
(New York: Norton, 2007), pp. 149–50.

37.
John Bybee to Alberto Gonzales, “Re: Standards of Conduct for Interrogation under 18 U.S.C. §§ 2340–2340A,” memorandum, August 1, 2002, George Washington University, National Security Archive, Electronic Briefing Books,
www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/
.

38.
John Yoo to Alberto Gonzales, memorandum, August 1, 2002, FindLaw.com.

39.
Jay Bybee to John Rizzo, “Interrogation of al Qaeda Operative,” memorandum, August 1, 2002, Washington Research Library Consortium, Digital Object Catalog,
http://dspace.wrlc.org/doc/
.

40.
Office of Professional Responsibility,
Investigation into the Office of Legal Counsel's Memoranda
, p. 58.

41.
CIA, “Special Review, Counterterrorism Detention” p. 38.

42.
Office of Professional Responsibility,
Investigation into the Office
, p. 124.

43.
CIA, “Special Review, Counterterrorism Detention,” p. 7.

44.
Ibid., pp. 37, 47.

45.
Sherry Jones,
Torturing Democracy
website, annotated transcript,
www.torturingdemocracy.org/
(accessed April 22, 2011).

46.
Eric Weiner, “Waterboarding: A Tortured History,” National Public Radio, November 3, 2007,
www.npr.org/
(accessed April 22, 2011).

47.
Jason Leopold, “Comey Emails Illustrate Concerns over Torture Policies,”
Truthout
, June 8, 2009,
http://archive.truthout.org/
; for Comey e-mails, see “Justice Department Communication on Interrogation Opinions,”
http://documents.nytimes.com/justice-department-communication-on-interrogation-opinions#p=1
.

48.
Philippe Sands,
Torture Team: Rumsfeld's Memo and the Betrayal of American Values
(New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), pp. 1–4.

49.
Ryan Pollyea, “Mancow Waterboarded, Admits It's Torture,” NBC Chicago, May 22, 2009,
www.nbcchicago.com/
.

50.
Dan Eggen, “Cheney Defends ‘Dunk in the Water' Remark,”
Washington Post
, October 28, 2006.

51.
Ted Roelofs, “‘I'd Do It Again' Former President Bush Tells Grand Rapids Crowd about Waterboarding Terrorists,”
Grand Rapids (MI) Press
, June 2, 2010,
www.mlive.com/

52.
U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services,
Inquiry into the Treatment of Detainees
, p. xviii.

53.
Justine Sharrock,
Tortured: When Good Soldiers Do Bad Things
(Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2010), p. 4.

54.
Bob Woodward, “Detainee Tortured, Says U.S. Official,”
Washington Post
, January 14, 2009.

55.
U.S. Senate Committee on Armed Services,
Inquiry into the Treatment of Detainees
, p. xxi.

56.
Article 15-6, Investigation of the 800th Military Police Brigade
(Taguba Report on Treatment of Abu Ghraib Prisoners in Iraq), FindLaw.com (accessed July 20, 2011).

57.
Rebecca Leung, “Abuse of Iraqi POWs by GIs Probed,” CBS News, April 28, 2004,
www.cbsnews.com/
.

58.
Lawrence J. Korb and John Halpin, “Cover-Up of Abu Ghraib Torture Puts Troops at Risk,” Center for American Progress, May 11, 2004,
www.americanprogress.org/
(accessed April 22, 2011).

59.
Robert Siegel, “Abu Ghraib Report Faults Top Leadership,”
All Things Considered
, NPR, August 24, 2004,
www.npr.org/
.

60.
Jonathan Karl, “‘High-Value' Detainees Transferred to Guantanamo,” ABC News, September 6, 2006,
http://abcnews.go.com
.

61.
“President Bush's Speech on Terrorism,” transcript,
New York Times
, September 6, 2006.

62.
John Cochran, “Showdown over Destroyed CIA Tapes This Week,” ABC News, January 13, 2007,
http://abcnews.go.com
.

63.
Dick Cheney, interview (transcript),
Face the Nation
, CBS News, May 10, 2009,
www.cbsnews.com/
.

64.
ICRC Report on the Treatment of Fourteen “High Value Detainees” in CIA Custody
, International Committee of the Red Cross, February 2007,
www.nybooks.com/
.

65.
Central Intelligence Agency, “Special Review, Counterterrorism Detention,” p. 91.

66.
George W. Bush, Executive Order 13440 of July 20, 2007, “Interpretation of the Geneva Conventions Common Article 3 as Applied to a Program of Detention and Interrogation Operated by the Central Intelligence Agency,” Federation of American Scientists,
www.fas.org/
(accessed May 6, 2011).

67.
Major General Antonio Taguba, preface,
Broken Laws, Broken Lives: Medical Evidence of Torture by US Personnel and Its Impact
, Physicians for Human Rights, June 2008,
http://physiciansforhumanrights.org/
.

68.
Geneva Conventions of 1949.