Art of Betrayal (70 page)

45
  National Archives FO 1020/8 (72), Importance of Vienna for the exploitation of intelligence regarding the countries adjacent to Austria and especially the Russians, Top Secret, 10 November 1945

46
 
John Whitwell,
British Agent
, John Kimber, London, 1966, p. 26

47
  Interview with Anthony Cavendish

48
  Bob Steers, ‘There were Two in this Squad',
Intelligence Corps Journal
, February 2007

49
  Keith Jeffery,
MI6: The History of the Secret Intelligence Service 1909–1949
, Bloomsbury, London, 2010, pp. 670–3

50
  Percy Cradock,
Know your Enemy
, John Murray, 2002, London, p. 50

51
  Peter Hennessy,
The Secret State
, Penguin, 2002, London, p. 13

52
  Jeffery,
MI6
, pp. 705–6

53
  Cradock,
Know your Enemy
, p. 52

54
 
The Heart of the Matter
, BBC TV, 22 September 1985

55
  Cavendish,
Inside Intelligence
, p. 189

56
  George Kennedy Young,
Who is my Liege?
Gentry Books, London, 1972, p. 31

57
  George Kennedy Young,
Masters of Indecision,
Methuen, London, 1962, p. 26

58
  National Archives FO 1007/327, Allied Control Commission Austria – Joint Intelligence Committee Report, 18 April 1946, Russia's Intentions in Austria

59
  Richardson,
My Father the Spy
, p. 98

60
  National Archives FO 1020/3464, Top Secret memo 23 March 1950

61
  National Archives DEFE 28/31

62
  Bower,
Perfect English Spy
, p. 186; Cavendish,
Inside Intelligence,
p. 188

63
  Jeffery,
MI6
, p. 671

64
  Ibid., pp. 669–71

65
  National Archives DEFE 21/33 contains the list of JIC priorities for Austria and also reflects frustrations in London in some areas. The extra resources are mentioned in Jeffery,
MI6
, pp. 669–71

66
  National Archives DEFE 21/33

67
  James Critchfield,
Partners at the Creation
, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 2003, p. 64

68
  James V. Milano and Patrick Brogan,
Soldiers, Spies, and the Rat Line
, Brassey's, Washington DC, 1995, pp. 1–2 and 46

69
  Ibid., p. 201

70
 
Asher Ben Natan,
The Audacity to Live
, Mazo Publishers, Jerusalem, 2007, p. 34

71
  National Archives FO 1007/309

72
  National Archives FO 1020/99; Robin Steers,
FSS: Field Security Section
, published by Robin Steers, 1996, p. 23

73
  The Soviet intelligence services used a number of different names until being reorganised as the KGB in 1953. For ease of understanding, the KGB is used for the organisation throughout this period

74
  Jeffery,
MI6
, pp. 690–3

75
  Critchfield,
Partners at the Creation
, p. 69; Ben Natan,
Audacity to Live
, pp. 37 and 55

76
  Critchfield,
Partners at the Creation
, p. 69; Milano and Brogan,
Soldiers, Spies, and the Rat Line
, pp. 1–2 and 73

77
  Ian Black and Benny Morris,
Israel's Secret Wars
, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1991, p. 188

78
  All material about Daphne Park from an interview conducted by the author unless otherwise noted

79
  National Archives ADM 223/500

80
  National Archives FO 1020/1272 and FO 1020/14

81
  National Archives FO 1007/307

82
  National Archives FO 1032/1459

83
  National Archives WO 232/92; Tony Geraghty,
Brixmis
, HarperCollins, London, 1997; Iain Cobain, ‘How the T-Force abducted Germany's best brains for Britain',
Guardian
, 29 August 2007

84
  National Archives DEFE 21/33

85
  Interview with Daphne Park

86
  Daphne Park, ‘Licensed to Kill?', Ian Fleming Centenary Lecture, Royal Society of Literature, London, 12 May 2009

87
  Tom Bower,
The Paperclip Conspiracy
, Michael Joseph, London 1987

88
  Daphne Park, ‘Licensed to Kill?'

89
  Details of kidnapping are scattered through Martin Herz,
Understanding Austria

90
  National Archives FO 1020/99 34

91
  Herz,
Understanding Austria
, pp. 401–3

92
  Milano and Brogan,
Soldiers, Spies, and the Rat Line
, p. 173

93
 
De Silva,
Sub Rosa
, pp. 4–5

94
  Allen Dulles,
The Craft of Intelligence
, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1963, p. 213

95
  Pontecorvo fled Britain to the USSR. In 1953, when he was supposed to attend a scientific congress there was an attempt to lure him back, offering forgiveness in return for information about the Soviet programme. A meeting was offered in Vienna with Field Security men waiting, guns at the ready, in the British district, but he never showed up. Steers,
FSS: Field Security Section
, pp. 157–8

96
  Caroline Alexander, ‘Vital Powers',
New Yorker
, 30 January 1989

97
  Interview with Daphne Park

98
  National Archives FO 945/376

99
  Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin,
The Mitrokhin Archive
, Allen Lane, London, 1999, pp. 177–9

100
  This account taken from Paul Gorka,
Budapest Betrayed
, Oak Tree Books, Wembley, 1986, p. 78

101
  Márta Pellérdi, ‘Their Man in Budapest: James McCargar and the 1947 Road to Freedom',
Hungarian Quarterly
, vol. XLII, no. 161, Spring 2001

102
  William Hood,
Mole
, Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London, 1982, p. 115

103
  Jeffery,
MI6
, p. 671

104
  Christopher Felix,
The Spy and his Masters
, Secker & Warburg, London, 1963, p. 132

105
  Tim Weiner,
Legacy of Ashes
, Allen Lane, London, 2007, pp. 9, 17

106
  Richardson,
My Father the Spy
, p. 106

107
  Hood,
Mole
, p. 28

108
  Clarence Ashley,
CIA Spymaster
, Pelican, Gretna, 2004, p. 82

109
  John Limond Hart,
The CIA's Russians
, Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, 2003, p. 178; David E. Murphy, Sergei A. Kondrashev and George Bailey,
Battleground Berlin
, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1997, p. 268

110
  Hart,
CIA's Russians
, p. 38

111
  Hood,
Mole
, p. 74

112
  Richardson,
My Father the Spy
, p. 111

113
  All details of Golitsyn taken from Volume One of his unpublished memoir, a copy of which was provided to the author. A further
copy is lodged with the Library of Congress, Washington DC.

114
  Murphy, Kondrashev and Bailey,
Battleground Berlin
, p. 25

115
  Peter Deriabin and Frank Gibney,
The Secret World
, Ballantine Books, New York, 1982, pp. 286–9

116
  Reference to the kidnap plan is also made in Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky,
KGB: The Inside Story of its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev
, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1990, p. 346

117
  Ashley,
CIA Spymaster
, p. 102

118
  Ibid., p. 103; Hood,
Mole, p
. 152. Deriabin's intelligence was also passed on to the British and is referred to in National Archives KV 5/107

119
  National Archives KV 5/107, Effects of recent Soviet defections and desertions, 8 May 1954. The Chief of MI6 asked for the memo to be shown to the head of MI5

120
  Hood,
Mole
, p. 73

121
  National Archives FO 1020/99

122
  Milano and Brogan,
Soldiers, Spies, and the Rat Line
, pp. 101–3

123
  Ibid., pp. 111–12

124
  Nicholas Elliott,
With my Little Eye
, Michael Russell, Norwich, 1993, p. 49

125
  David Stafford,
Spies beneath Berlin
, Overlook Press, New York, 2003, p. 16

126
  Bower,
Perfect English Spy
, p. 180

127
  Tape recording provided by Bob Steers

128
  Interview with Sir Rodric Braithwaite

129
  Stafford,
Spies beneath Berlin
, p. 23; interview with Anthony Cavendish

130
  Bower,
Perfect English Spy
, p. 84

131
  George Blake,
No Other Choice
, Jonathan Cape, London, 1990, pp. 17–18; Bower,
Perfect English Spy
, p. 84;
Blake – the Confession,
BBC Radio 4, 1 August 2009; private information from a CIA officer serving with Blake and from British sources

132
  Golitsyn memoir

133
  De Silva,
Sub Rosa
, p. 93

134
  Hood,
Mole
, p. 116

135
  National Archives KV 5/107 includes Kholkov's intelligence on these networks in Austria

136
 
Andrew and Mitrokhin,
Mitrokhin Archive
, p. 467

137
  Michael Smith,
The Spying Game
, Politico's, London, 2003, p. 192

CHAPTER 2: THE COST OF BETRAYAL

1
  Interview with Anthony Cavendish; Anthony Cavendish,
Inside Intelligence
, HarperCollins, London, 1997, pp. 54–9

2
  Anthony Courtney,
Sailor in a Russian Frame
, Johnson, London, 1968, pp. 1–55

3
  Liddell Hart Archives, Papers of Anthony Courtney, GB99 KCLMA Courtney

4
  Ibid.

5
  Tom Bower,
The Red Web
, Aurum Press, London, 1989, p. 101

6
  Ibid., p. 113

7
  National Archives KV 5/106 includes detailed British intelligence reports on the Baltic coast and its security

8
  Bower,
Red Web
, p. 115

9
  Ibid., p. 2

10
  Interview with former SIS officer

11
  Keith Jeffery,
MI6: The History of the Secret Intelligence Service 1909–1949
, Bloomsbury, London, 2010, pp. 705–6

12
  Christopher Andrew and Oleg Gordievsky,
KGB: The Inside Story of its Foreign Operations from Lenin to Gorbachev
, Hodder & Stoughton, London, 1990, p. 317; Bower,
Red Web
, p. 60

13
  ‘Latvian former counter-intelligence officers recall interaction with Britain', BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 11 March 1988

14
  Bower,
Red Web
, pp. 131 and 139

15
  David Smiley,
Irregular Regular
, Michael Russell, Norwich, 1994, p. 191

16
 
The Cost of Treachery
, BBC TV 30 October 1984

17
  National Archives HW 75/60–3 includes intercepted Albanian security communications discussing the arrival of British teams

18
  David Smiley, Imperial War Museum Sound Recording 10340

19
  James McCargar interview, ‘Frontline Diplomacy', Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington DC; Peter Grose,
Operation Rollback
, Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 2000, p.159

20
 
Obituary of Johnnie Longrigg,
The Times
, 14 March 2007

21
  Percy Cradock,
Know your Enemy
, John Murray, London, 2002, pp. 26–9

22
  Grose,
Operation Rollback
, pp. 124–5

23
  Anthony Verrier,
Through the Looking Glass
, Jonathan Cape, London, 1983, p. 67

24
  Christopher Felix,
The Spy and his Masters
, Secker & Warburg, London, 1963, p. 140

25
  Tim Weiner,
Legacy of Ashes
, Allen Lane, London, 2007, p. 53

26
  The Hoover Commission quoted in ibid., p. 252

27
  Grose,
Operation Rollback
, p. 117

28
  Ian Fleming,
Casino Royale
, Penguin, London, 2006, pp. 54 and 91–2; Simon Winder,
The Man Who Saved Britain
, Picador, London, 2006, p. 84

29
  Kim Philby,
My Silent War
, MacGibbon & Kee, London, 1968, p. 117

30
  Felix,
The Spy and his Masters
, p. 51

31
  Quoted in Roderick Bailey,
The Wildest Province
, Jonathan Cape, London, 2008, p. 318

32
  Ibid., p. 328

33
  Jeffery,
MI6
, pp. 712–14; Patrick Seale and Maureen McConville,
Philby: The Long Road to Moscow
, Hamish Hamilton, London, 1973, p. 202

34
  Imperial War Museum Sound Recording 10340; and Smiley,
Irregular Regular
, p. 4

35
  David Smiley,
The Albanian Assignment
, Chatto & Windus, London, 1984

36
  Obituary of Colonel David Smiley,
Daily Telegraph
, 12 January 2009

37
  Eric Walton, Imperial War Museum Sound Recording 13626

38
  Ibid.

39
  Obituary of Tony Northrop, ‘Covert Cold Warrior made it hot for Hoxha',
The Australian
, 6 September 2000