Works of Ivan Turgenev (Illustrated) (227 page)

‘You’re a close man and keep a tight rein on your tongue,’ I thought to myself. ‘No,’ I said aloud, ‘I don’t want the cart; I shall want to be near your homestead to - morrow, and if you will let me, I will stay the night in your hay - barn.’

‘You are very welcome. But will you be comfortable in the barn? I will tell the women to lay a sheet and put you a pillow…. Hey, girls!’ he cried, getting up from his place; ‘here, girls!… And you, Fedya, go with them. Women, you know, are foolish folk.’

A quarter of an hour later Fedya conducted me with a lantern to the barn. I threw myself down on the fragrant hay; my dog curled himself up at my feet; Fedya wished me good - night; the door creaked and slammed to. For rather a long time I could not get to sleep. A cow came up to the door, and breathed heavily twice; the dog growled at her with dignity; a pig passed by, grunting pensively; a horse somewhere near began to munch the hay and snort…. At last I fell asleep.

At sunrise Fedya awakened me. This brisk, lively young man pleased me; and, from what I could see, he was old Hor’s favourite too. They used to banter one another in a very friendly way. The old man came to meet me. Whether because I had spent the night under his roof, or for some other reason, Hor certainly treated me far more cordially than the day before.

‘The samovar is ready,’ he told me with a smile; ‘let us come and have tea.’

We took our seats at the table. A robust - looking peasant woman, one of his daughters - in - law, brought in a jug of milk. All his sons came one after another into the cottage.

‘What a fine set of fellows you have!’ I remarked to the old man.

‘Yes,’ he said, breaking off a tiny piece of sugar with his teeth; ‘me and my old woman have nothing to complain of, seemingly.’

‘And do they all live with you?’

‘Yes; they choose to, themselves, and so they live here.’

‘And are they all married?’

‘Here’s one not married, the scamp!’ he answered, pointing to Fedya, who was leaning as before against the door. ‘Vaska, he’s still too young; he can wait.’

‘And why should I get married?’ retorted Fedya; ‘I’m very well off as I am. What do I want a wife for? To squabble with, eh?’

‘Now then, you … ah, I know you! you wear a silver ring…. You’d always be after the girls up at the manor house…. “Have done, do, for shame!”‘ the old man went on, mimicking the servant girls. ‘Ah, I know you, you white - handed rascal!’

‘But what’s the good of a peasant woman?’

‘A peasant woman — is a labourer,’ said Hor seriously; ‘she is the peasant’s servant.’

‘And what do I want with a labourer?’

‘I dare say; you’d like to play with the fire and let others burn their fingers: we know the sort of chap you are.’

‘Well, marry me, then. Well, why don’t you answer?’

‘There, that’s enough, that’s enough, giddy pate! You see we’re disturbing the gentleman. I’ll marry you, depend on it…. And you, your honour, don’t be vexed with him; you see, he’s only a baby; he’s not had time to get much sense.’

Fedya shook his head.

‘Is Hor at home?’ sounded a well - known voice; and Kalinitch came into the cottage with a bunch of wild strawberries in his hands, which he had gathered for his friend Hor. The old man gave him a warm welcome. I looked with surprise at Kalinitch. I confess I had not expected such a delicate attention on the part of a peasant.

That day I started out to hunt four hours later than usual, and the following three days I spent at Hor’s. My new friends interested me. I don’t know how I had gained their confidence, but they began to talk to me without constraint. The two friends were not at all alike. Hor was a positive, practical man, with a head for management, a rationalist; Kalinitch, on the other hand, belonged to the order of idealists and dreamers, of romantic and enthusiastic spirits. Hor had a grasp of actuality — that is to say, he looked ahead, was saving a little money, kept on good terms with his master and the other authorities; Kalinitch wore shoes of bast, and lived from hand to mouth. Hor had reared a large family, who were obedient and united; Kalinitch had once had a wife, whom he had been afraid of, and he had had no children. Hor took a very critical view of Mr. Polutikin; Kalinitch revered his master. Hor loved Kalinitch, and took protecting care of him; Kalinitch loved and respected Hor. Hor spoke little, chuckled, and thought for himself; Kalinitch expressed himself with warmth, though he had not the flow of fine language of a smart factory hand. But Kalinitch was endowed with powers which even Hor recognised; he could charm away haemorrhages, fits, madness, and worms; his bees always did well; he had a light hand. Hor asked him before me to introduce a newly bought horse to his stable, and with scrupulous gravity Kalinitch carried out the old sceptic’s request. Kalinitch was in closer contact with nature; Hor with men and society. Kalinitch had no liking for argument, and believed in everything blindly; Hor had reached even an ironical point of view of life. He had seen and experienced much, and I learnt a good deal from him. For instance, from his account I learnt that every year before mowing - time a small, peculiar - looking cart makes its appearance in the villages. In this cart sits a man in a long coat, who sells scythes. He charges one rouble twenty - five copecks — a rouble and a half in notes — for ready money; four roubles if he gives credit. All the peasants, of course, take the scythes from him on credit. In two or three weeks he reappears and asks for the money. As the peasant has only just cut his oats, he is able to pay him; he goes with the merchant to the tavern, and there the debt is settled. Some landowners conceived the idea of buying the scythes themselves for ready money and letting the peasants have them on credit for the same price; but the peasants seemed dissatisfied, even dejected; they had deprived them of the pleasure of tapping the scythe and listening to the ring of the metal, turning it over and over in their hands, and telling the scoundrelly city - trader twenty times over, ‘Eh, my friend, you won’t take me in with your scythe!’ The same tricks are played over the sale of sickles, only with this difference, that the women have a hand in the business then, and they sometimes drive the trader himself to the necessity — for their good, of course — of beating them. But the women suffer most ill - treatment through the following circumstances. Contractors for the supply of stuff for paper factories employ for the purchase of rags a special class of men, who in some districts are called eagles. Such an ‘eagle’ receives two hundred roubles in bank - notes from the merchant, and starts off in search of his prey. But, unlike the noble bird from whom he has derived his name, he does not swoop down openly and boldly upon it; quite the contrary; the ‘eagle’ has recourse to deceit and cunning. He leaves his cart somewhere in a thicket near the village, and goes himself to the back - yards and back - doors, like someone casually passing, or simply a tramp. The women scent out his proximity and steal out to meet him. The bargain is hurriedly concluded. For a few copper half - pence a woman gives the ‘eagle’ not only every useless rag she has, but often even her husband’s shirt and her own petticoat. Of late the women have thought it profitable to steal even from themselves, and to sell hemp in the same way — a great extension and improvement of the business for the ‘eagles’! To meet this, however, the peasants have grown more cunning in their turn, and on the slightest suspicion, on the most distant rumors of the approach of an ‘eagle,’ they have prompt and sharp recourse to corrective and preventive measures. And, after all, wasn’t it disgraceful? To sell the hemp was the men’s business — and they certainly do sell it — not in the town (they would have to drag it there themselves), but to traders who come for it, who, for want of scales, reckon forty handfuls to the pood — and you know what a Russian’s hand is and what it can hold, especially when he ‘tries his best’! As I had had no experience and was not ‘country - bred’ (as they say in Orel) I heard plenty of such descriptions. But Hor was not always the narrator; he questioned me too about many things. He learned that I had been in foreign parts, and his curiosity was aroused…. Kalinitch was not behind him in curiosity; but he was more attracted by descriptions of nature, of mountains and waterfalls, extraordinary buildings and great towns; Hor was interested in questions of government and administration. He went through everything in order. ‘Well, is that with them as it is with us, or different?… Come, tell us, your honour, how is it?’ ‘Ah, Lord, thy will be done!’ Kalinitch would exclaim while I told my story; Hor did not speak, but frowned with his bushy eyebrows, only observing at times, ‘That wouldn’t do for us; still, it’s a good thing — it’s right.’ All his inquiries, I cannot recount, and it is unnecessary; but from our conversations I carried away one conviction, which my readers will certainly not anticipate … the conviction that Peter the Great was pre - eminently a Russian — Russian, above all, in his reforms. The Russian is so convinced of his own strength and powers that he is not afraid of putting himself to severe strain; he takes little interest in his past, and looks boldly forward. What is good he likes, what is sensible he will have, and where it comes from he does not care. His vigorous sense is fond of ridiculing the thin theorising of the German; but, in Hor’s words, ‘The Germans are curious folk,’ and he was ready to learn from them a little. Thanks to his exceptional position, his practical independence, Hor told me a great deal which you could not screw or — as the peasants say — grind with a grindstone, out of any other man. He did, in fact, understand his position. Talking with Hor, I for the first time listened to the simple, wise discourse of the Russian peasant. His acquirements were, in his own opinion, wide enough; but he could not read, though Kalinitch could. ‘That ne’er - do - weel has school - learning,’ observed Hor, ‘and his bees never die in the winter.’ ‘But haven’t you had your children taught to read?’ Hor was silent a minute. ‘Fedya can read.’ ‘And the others?’ ‘The others can’t.’ ‘And why?’ The old man made no answer, and changed the subject. However, sensible as he was, he had many prejudices and crotchets. He despised women, for instance, from the depths of his soul, and in his merry moments he amused himself by jesting at their expense. His wife was a cross old woman who lay all day long on the stove, incessantly grumbling and scolding; her sons paid no attention to her, but she kept her daughters - in - law in the fear of God. Very significantly the mother - in - law sings in the Russian ballad: ‘What a son art thou to me! What a head of a household! Thou dost not beat thy wife; thou dost not beat thy young wife….’ I once attempted to intercede for the daughters - in - law, and tried to rouse Hor’s sympathy; but he met me with the tranquil rejoinder, ‘Why did I want to trouble about such … trifles; let the women fight it out. … If anything separates them, it only makes it worse … and it’s not worth dirtying one’s hands over.’ Sometimes the spiteful old woman got down from the stove and called the yard dog out of the hay, crying, ‘Here, here, doggie’; and then beat it on its thin back with the poker, or she would stand in the porch and ‘snarl,’ as Hor expressed it, at everyone that passed. She stood in awe of her husband though, and would return, at his command, to her place on the stove. It was specially curious to hear Hor and Kalinitch dispute whenever Mr. Polutikin was touched upon.

‘There, Hor, do let him alone,’ Kalinitch would say. ‘But why doesn’t he order some boots for you?’ Hor retorted. ‘Eh? boots!… what do I want with boots? I am a peasant.’ ‘Well, so am I a peasant, but look!’ And Hor lifted up his leg and showed Kalinitch a boot which looked as if it had been cut out of a mammoth’s hide. ‘As if you were like one of us!’ replied Kalinitch. ‘Well, at least he might pay for your bast shoes; you go out hunting with him; you must use a pair a day.’ ‘He does give me something for bast shoes.’ ‘Yes, he gave you two coppers last year.’

Kalinitch turned away in vexation, but Hor went off into a chuckle, during which his little eyes completely disappeared.

Kalinitch sang rather sweetly and played a little on the balalaëca. Hor was never weary of listening to him: all at once he would let his head drop on one side and begin to chime in, in a lugubrious voice. He was particularly fond of the song, ‘Ah, my fate, my fate!’ Fedya never lost an opportunity of making fun of his father, saying, ‘What are you so mournful about, old man?’ But Hor leaned his cheek on his hand, covered his eyes, and continued to mourn over his fate…. Yet at other times there could not be a more active man; he was always busy over something — mending the cart, patching up the fence, looking after the harness. He did not insist on a very high degree of cleanliness, however; and, in answer to some remark of mine, said once, ‘A cottage ought to smell as if it were lived in.’

‘Look,’ I answered, ‘how clean it is in Kalinitch’s beehouse.’

‘The bees would not live there else, your honour,’ he said with a sigh.

‘Tell me,’ he asked me another time, ‘have you an estate of your own?’ ‘Yes.’ ‘Far from here?’ ‘A hundred miles.’ ‘Do you live on your land, your honour?’ ‘Yes.’