Women After All: Sex, Evolution, and the End of Male Supremacy (53 page)

275
Achievement especially high in first-born girls:
Katy Waldman, “Firstborn Girls Are Statistically More Likely to Run the World,”
Slate
,
April 28, 2014, accessed Sept. 23, 2014, at http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2014/04/28/firstborn_girls_are_more_accomplished_and_ambitious_than_firstborn_boys.html; and Feifei Bu, “Sibling Configurations, Educational Aspiration and Attainment,”
ISER Working Paper Series
no. 2014–11, Institute for Social and Economic Research, University of Essex, February 2014.

275
women regained 95 percent of lost jobs:
“Women Sharing in Slow Job Growth, but Full Recovery Is a Long Way Off,” National Women’s Law Center website, August 2, 2013, at http://www.nwlc.org/resource/women-sharing-slow-job-growth-full-recovery-long-way#_edn1, accessed Sept. 14, 2014.

276
the number of women going into business:
WomenAble, “The 2014 State of Women-Owned Businesses Report,” prepared by Womenable, commissioned by American Express OPEN, Executive Summary issued April 2, 2014, at http://www.womenable.com/59/the-state-of-women-owned-businesses-in-the-us:-2014, accessed Sept. 14, 2014; see also “Women-Owned Businesses,” National Women’s Business Council, http://www.nwbc.gov/facts/women-owned-businesses, accessed Sept. 14, 2014.

276
“Entrepreneurship is the new women’s movement”:
Natalie MacNeil, “Entrepreneurship Is the New Women’s Movement,” Forbes.com, accessed Sept. 14, 2014, at http://www.forbes.com/sites/work-in-progress/2012/06/08/entrepreneurship-is-the-new-womens-movement/.

276
“I think it was just a matter of time”:
Sheena MacKenzie and Isha Sesay, “Helene Gayle: Meet the CEO Feeding the World,” CNN Leading Women, September 17, 2013, at http://edition.cnn.com/2013/09/17/business/helene-gayle-meet-the-ceo/, accessed Sept. 14, 2014.

276
Women lead around 19 percent of charities:
Heather Joslyn, “A Man’s World,”
Chronicle of Philanthropy,
September 17, 2009, accessed Sept. 14, 2014, at https://philanthropy.com/article/A-Mans-World/57099/.

276
Women at Harvard Business School:
Jodi Kantor, “Harvard Business School Case Study: Gender Equity,”
New York Times,
September 7, 2013, accessed Sept. 14, 2014, at http://www.nytimes.com/2013/09/08/education/harvard-case-study-gender-equity.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0.

277
“It’s, like, perfect . . . my trophy husband”:
Video by Brent McDonald captioned “Painful Experience,” on the web page cited in the entry above, accessed Sept. 14, 2014.

277
Kantor on WNYC:
“Gender and Class at Harvard Business School,”
Brian Lehrer Show,
September 13, 2013, WNYC website, accessed Sept. 14, 2014, at http://www.wnyc.org/story/317858-gender-and-class-harvard-business-school/.

278
Women’s political attitudes:
Torben Iversen and Frances Rosenbluth, “The Political Economy of Gender: Explaining Cross-National Variation in the Gender Division of Labor and the Gender Voting Gap,”
American Journal of Political Science
50, no. 1 (2006): 1–19; A. H. Eagly, A. B. Diekman, M. C. Johannesen-Schmidt, and A. M. Koenig, “Gender Gaps in Sociopolitical Attitudes: A Social Psychological Analysis,”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
87, no. 6 (2004): 796–816.

278
Women and men helpful in different ways:
Alice H. Eagly, “The His and Hers of Prosocial Behavior: An Examination of the Social Psychology of Gender,”
American Psychologist
64, no. 8 (2009): 644–58.

278
Women “support the provision of social services”:
Eagly et al., “Gender Gaps,” 798.

279
“Women also advocate more restriction of many behaviors”:
Ibid.

279
The gender voting gap in ten countries:
Iversen and Rosenbluth, “Political Economy of Gender.”

280
“Given the overall trend”:
Ibid., 18.

280
“In the latter part of the 20th century”:
Paula Wyndow, Jianghong Li, and Eugen Mattes, “Female Empowerment as a Core Driver of Democratic Development: A Dynamic Panel Model from 1980 to 2005,”
World Development
52 (2013): 34.

281
“Rather than being a natural consequence”:
Ibid., 47.

281
“In a Senate still dominated by men”:
Jonathan Weisman and Jennifer Steinhauer, “Senate Women Lead in Effort to Find Accord,”
New York Times,
October 14, 2013. The next few quotes, through the Susan Collins quote, are from the same article.

282
“My own experience in Congress”:
Marianne Schnall, “Conversation with Senator Kirsten Gillibrand,” Feminist.com interview with New York senator Kirsten Gillibrand, September 20, 2011, accessed Sept. 14, 2014, at http://www.feminist.com/resources/artspeech/interviews/kirstengillibrand.html.

282
Senators leading compromise have children:
This information was accessed on Sept. 14, 2014. For Kelly Ayotte: http://www.rollcall.com/members/32609.html; Lisa Murkowski: http://www.rollcall.com/members/17262.html; Patty Murray: http://media.cq.com/members/522/rc=1; Amy Klobuchar: http://www.rollcall.com/members/25668.html; Jeanne Shaheen: http://www.rollcall.com/members/1444.html.

283
Nineteen women Senators interviewed by Sawyer:
The quotations from Mikulski, Feinstein, Gillibrand, Ayotte, and McCaskill are from excerpts from the interview, accessed Sept. 14, 2014, at http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/meet-class-senate-swears-historic-20-female-senators/story?id=18113363. The video is remarkable.

283
“Female mayors were far more willing to change”:
Lynne A. Weikart, Greg Chen, Daniel W. Williams, and Haris Hromic, “The Democratic Sex: Gender Differences and the Exercise of Power,”
Journal of Women, Politics & Policy
28, no. 1 (2006): 119.

283
“The joy of having power”:
Ibid., 120.

284
“Frequently mothers will introduce me to their daughters”:
Ibid., 133.

284
“She has been a rank-and-file engineer”:
Bill Vlasic, “New G.M. Chief Is Company Woman, Born to It,”
New York Times,
December 10, 2013, print edition, p. 1; also at http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/11/business/gm-names-first-female-chief-executive.html, accessed Sept. 14, 2014.

284
“Mary was picked for her talent”:
Ibid.

285
“Things have changed dramatically”:
“Mary Barra, G.M.’s New Chief, Speaking Her Mind,”
New York Times,
December 10, 2013, accessed Sept. 14, 2014, at http://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/11/business/mary-barra-gms-new-chief-speaking-her-mind.html?ref=business.

285
Barra’s response to ignition-system failure:
Bill Vlasic, “Recall at G.M. Is Early Trial for New Chief,”
New York Times,
March 7, 2014, accessed Sept. 14, 2014, at http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/08/business/recall-at-gm-is-early-trial-for-new-chief.html.

285
“a sweeping internal investigation”:
Bill Vlasic, “G.M. Inquiry Cites Years of Neglect over Fatal Defect,”
New York Times,
June 5, 2014, A1, at http://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/06/business/gm-ignition-switch-internal-recall-investigation-report.html?module=Search&mabReward=relbias%3Aw&_r=0, accessed Nov. 4, 2014.

286
The first car to drive itself:
Nathan Bomey, “Barra commits GM to car-to-car link,”
Detroit Free Press
, accessed Sept. 14, 2014 at
USA
Today
website, http://www.usatoday.com/story/money/cars/2014/09/07/gm-connected-car-barra/15245409/.

286
“a sampling of male and female leaders”:
Jack Zenger and Joe Folkman, “A Study in Leadership: Women Do It Better Than Men” (Orem, UT: Zenger/Folkman, 2012), 1, downloaded April 19, 2014, from http://www.zfco.com/media/articles/ZFCo.WP.WomenBetterThanMen.033012.pdf.

286
“average rating from an aggregate”:
Ibid., 2.

287
“It is a well-known fact”:
Quoted in “Zenger Folkman: Women Score Higher in Majority of Leadership Competencies,” Business Wire: A Berkshire Hathaway Company, March 15, 2012, accessed Sept. 14, 2014, at http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20120315006216/en/Zenger-Folkman-Women-Score-Higher-Majority-Leadership#.U1Ksxtw0dCg.

287
“Sizable differences . . . in employment policies”:
David A. Matsa and Amalia R. Miller, “A Female Style in Corporate Leadership? Evidence from Quotas,”
American Economic Journal: Applied Economics
5, no. 3 (2013): 138.

288
“Ultimately, time will tell”:
Ibid., 153.

288
European parliament corporate gender quota:
Charlotte McDonald-Gibson, “‘The First Cracks in the Glass Ceiling’: EU Votes to Impose Legal Quotas for Women in the Boardroom,”
Independent,
November 20, 2013, accessed Sept. 14, 2014, at http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/the-first-cracks-in-the-glass-ceiling-eu-votes-to-impose-legal-quotas-for-women-in-the-boardroom-8952718.html.

288
the 2014 publication of an American study:
Matsa and Miller, “Reductions at Women-Owned Businesses in the United States,”
Industrial and Labor Relations Review
67, no. 2 (2014): 422–52.

288
“workforce reductions are more than twice as frequent”:
Ibid., 432.

288
“It’s just a terrible thought”:
Leibinger-Kammüller quoted by Matsa and Miller, 422.

288
“Women’s empathy enables them to look”:
Spencer quoted by Matsa and Miller, 422.

289
“Male directors care more about achievement”:
Renée B. Adams and Patricia Funk, “Beyond the Glass Ceiling: Does Gender Matter?”
Management Science
58, no. 2 (2012): 220.

289
“Female directors are less security oriented”:
Ibid.

290
“Sex segregation in corporate criminality is pervasive”:
D. J. Steffensmeier, J. Schwartz, and M. Roche, “Gender and Twenty-First-Century Corporate Crime: Female Involvement and the Gender Gap in Enron-Era Corporate Frauds,”
American Sociological Review
78, no. 3 (2013): 448.

290
Parliamentary gender balance and national corruption:
David Dollar, Raymond Fisman, and Roberta Gatti, “Are Women Really the ‘Fairer’ Sex? Corruption and Women in Government,”
Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization
46 (2001): 423–29.

290
“a substantial literature”
and
“our results suggest”:
Ibid., 427.

291
Women in African parliaments:
Gretchen Bauer, “Gender Quotas and Women’s Representation in African Parliaments,” Democracy in Africa website, accessed Sept. 14, 2014, at http://democracyinafrica.org/gender-quotas-womens-representation-african-parliaments/.

Epilogue: #YesAllWomen

295
“war on women”
and
“Girls have never been attracted to me”:
Quotations and video available in “#YesAllWomen: Rebecca Solnit on the Santa Barbara Massacre & Viral Response to Misogynist Violence,”
Democracy Now!
website, May 27, 2014, accessed Sept. 14, 2014, at http://www.democracynow.org/2014/5/27/yesallwomen_rebecca_solnit_on_the_santa. This video was taken down by YouTube, but as of Sept. 14, 2014, it was available with a warning: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MQUW3Km01BM&bpctr=1402426134. His written self-justification and plan for systematic mass murder can be found (also with a warning) on the website of
New York Times,
accessed Sept. 14, 2014, at http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2014/05/25/us/shooting-document.html.

296
“We have an abundance of rape”:
Rebecca Solnit,
Men Explain Things to Me
(Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2014), 21; also quoted in the interview cited above.

296
How #YesAllWomen came about:
Jennifer Medina, “Campus Killings Set Off Anguished Conversation About the Treatment of Women,”
New York Times,
May 26, 2014, http://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/27/us/campus-killings-set-off-anguished-conversation-about-the-treatment-of-women.html, accessed Sept. 14, 2014.

296
“#YesAllWomen because ‘I have a boyfriend’”:
These three tweets are quoted by Sasha Weiss, “The Power of #YesAllWomen,”
New Yorker
website, May 26, 2014, at http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/culture/2014/05/the-power-of-yesallwomen.html, accessed Sept. 14, 2014.

296
“Because what men fear most”:
These three tweets or retweets posted in early June were found on the Twitter website at https://twitter.com/hashtag/YesAllWomen. All three could also be found by searching twitter.com on Nov. 4, 2014.

297
Nuclear transfer approved for United Kingdom:
Steve Connor, “UK Becomes First Country in World to Approve IVF Using Genes of Three Parents,”
Independent,
June 28, 2013, at http://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/uk-becomes-first-country-in-world-to-approve-ivf-using-genes-of-three-parents-8677595.html, accessed Sept. 14, 2014.

298
The Y chromosome has shrunk in size:
Doris Bachtrog, “Y-Chromosome Evolution: Emerging Insights into Processes of Y-Chromosome Degeneration,”
Nature Reviews Genetics
14, no. 2 (2013): 113–24.

298
a 2014 study suggests it can’t shrink much further:
M. A. Wilson Sayres, K. E. Lohmueller, R. Nielsen, “Natural Selection Reduced Diversity on Human Y Chromosomes,”
PLoS Genetics
10, no. 1 (2014): e1004064.