Why Did the Chicken Cross the World? (48 page)

222
To feed this demand
: Carolina Rodriguez Gutiérrez, “South America Eyes an Optimistic Future,”
World Poultry
, October 25, 2010, accessed March 22, 2014,
http://www.worldpoultry.net/Home/General/2010/10/South-America-eyes-an-optimistic-­future-WP008070W/
.

222
Many American plants
:
Delmarva Agriculture Data: Weekly Broiler Chicks Report
, U.S. Department of Agriculture, March 6, 2011, 15: 11.

222
The expanded Fakieh Poultry Farms
: “Fakieh Poultry Farms,” Fakieh Group, accessed May 14, 2014,
http://www.bayt.com/en/company/fakieh-group-1412762/
.

222
“The attitude of a gentleman”
: D. C. Lau, trans.,
Mencius
(Harmondsworth, U.K.: Penguin, 1970), 53.

222
In his
Remembrance of Things: Marcel Proust,
Swann's Way (Remembrance of Things Past, vol. 1)
, trans. C. K. Scott Moncrieff (n.p.: Digireads, 2009).

223
He's agreed to with only
: Bill Brown, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.

224
The 600 million chickens
: Peter Singer and Jim Mason,
The Way We Eat: Why Our Food Choices Matter
(Emmaus, PA: Rodale, 2006), 24.

225
Continuing south, I pass
: “History of Temperanceville,” The Countryside Transformed: The Railroad and the Eastern Shore of Virginia, 1870–1935, accessed March 22, 2014,
http://eshore.vcdh.virginia.edu/node/1935
.

225
This is part of a Tyson plant
: “Firefighters Contain Weekend Fire at Tyson Plant,”
Meat & Poultry
, December 2, 2013,
http://www.meatpoultry.com/articles/news_home/Business/2013/12/Firefighters_contain_weekend_f.aspx?ID=%7B9CA8E3E6-0DC7-4653-B5CF-B6ECB7578A2F%7D&cck=1
.

225
Instead of encountering
: Karen Davis, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.

226
“The industry has created chickens”
: Temple Grandin and Catherine Johnson,
Animals Make Us Human: Creating the Best Life for Animals
(Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2009), 219.

226
The litany of horrors
: “Chickens,” United Poultry Concerns, accessed March 22, 2014,
http://www.upc-online.org/chickens/chickensbro.html
.

228
It is a haunting refrain
: Peter Singer,
Animal Liberation: A New Ethics for Our Treatment of Animals
(New York: New York Review, 1975).

228
Her words echo back
: Kerry S. Walters and Lisa Portmess,
Ethical Vegetarianism: From Pythagoras to Peter Singer
(Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999), 11.

228
“No, for the sake of a little flesh”
: Ibid., 28.

228
More recently, the writer J. M. Coetzee
: J. M. Coetzee and Amy Gutmann,
The Lives of Animals
(Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999), 21.

229
When a Western aid organization
: Kevin McDonald, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2012.

229
Though linguists say this
: Vivienne J. Walters,
The Cult of Mithras in the Roman Provinces of Gaul
(Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1974), 119.

229
With the exception of a brief period
: Steven Englund,
Napoleon: A Political Life
(New York: Scribner, 2004), 240.

229
During the 1789 revolution
: “Living in the Languedoc: Central Government: French National Symbols: The Cockerel (Rooster),” accessed March 22, 2014,
http://www.languedoc-france.info/06141212_cockerel.htm
; Nicholas Atkin and Frank Tallett,
The Right in France: From Revolution to Le Pen
(London: I.B. Tauris, 2003), 43.

229
France's official seal is
: “Living in the Languedoc.”

229
The bird appears on coins
: Lawrence D. Kritzman et al.,
Realms of Memory: The Construction of the French Past
(New York: Columbia University Press, 1998), 424.

229
One of the perks of that high office
: Pascal Chanel, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.

230
“We wired to the Picassos”
: Alice B. Toklas,
The Alice B. Toklas Cookbook
(New York: Perennial, 2010), 92.

230
That chicken is mentioned in
: Jon Henley, “Top of the Pecking Order,”
Guardian
, January 10, 2008, accessed March 22, 2014,
http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/jan/10/ethicalliving.animalwelfare
.

230
The celebrated gastronomical
: Ibid.

230
In 1862, a local count organized
: George W. Johnson and Robert Hogg, eds.,
The Journal of Horticulture, Cottage Gardener, and Country Gentleman
(London: Google eBook, 1863).

230
But a French colleague explained to
: W. B. Tegetmeier and Harrison Weir,
The Poultry Book: Comprising the Breading and Management of Profitable and Ornamental Poultry, Their Qualities and Characteristics; to Which Is Added “The Standard of Excellence in Exhibition Birds,” Authorized by the Poultry Club
(London: George Routledge and Sons, 1867), 257.

231
Every December, four contests
: “Les Glorieuses De Bresse, Votre Marché Aux Volailles Fines,” accessed May 14, 2014,
http://www.glorieusesdebresse.com/
.

231
Granted an
appellation d'origine contrôlée: Squier,
Poultry Science
,
159.

233
About 250 farms raise 1.2 million Bresse
: “Producers' Portraits: Christophe Vuillot,” Rungis, accessed March 22, 2014,
http://www.rungismarket.com/en/vert/portraits_producteurs/vuillot.asp
.

233
“The problem is to find”
: Georges Blanc, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.

234
Though dressed simply in his chef whites
:
Georges Blanc Vonnas Hotel Restaurant, Official Website, accessed March 22, 2014,
http://www.georgesblanc.com/uk/index.php
.

235
Joyce was raised on
: Ron Joyce, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.

237
She says that improving the lives of
: Leah Garces, telephone interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.

12. The Intuitive Physicist

239
In 1847, as The Fancy
: Barry Popik, “ ‘Why Did the Chicken Cross the Road?' (Joke),”
The Big Apple
(blog), August 28, 2009, accessed March 24, 2014,
http://www.barrypopik.com/index.php/new_york_city/entry/why_did_the_chicken_cross_the_road_joke
.

239
In L. Frank Baum's 1907
: L. Frank Baum,
Ozma of Oz
(Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Media Group, LLC, 2003).

239
“Get away, yuh dumb”
: Edmund Wilson,
I Thought of Daisy
(New York: Farrar, Straus and Young, with Ballantine Books, 1953), 126.

239
The term
birdbrain:
Online Etymology Dictionary
, s.v. “birdbrain,” accessed March 22, 2014,
http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=bird-brain
.

239
and
chickenshit were:
Urban Dictionary
, s.v. “chickenshit,” accessed March 22, 2014,
http://www.urbandictionary.com/define.php?term=chickenshit
.

240
The only thing dumber than
: William Lindsay Gresham,
Nightmare Alley
(New York: New York Review Books, 2010).

240
The Italian neuroscientist Giorgio Vallortigara
: Giorgio Vallortigara, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013. For his research papers, see “Research Outputs Giorgio Vallortigara,” University of Trento, Italy, accessed March 22, 2014,
http://www4.unitn.it/Ugcvp/en/Web/ProdottiAutore/PER0033020
.

240
Descartes declared that
: Lilli Alanen,
Descartes's Concept of Mind
(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003), 86.

241
Chickens also use each eye
: Giorgio Vallortigara, “How Birds Use Their Eyes: Opposite Left-Right Specialization for the Lateral and Frontal Visual Hemifield in the Domestic Chick,”
Current Biology
(January 9, 2001), 23.

241
Recently, a research team
: Silke S. Steiger, “Avian Olfactory Receptor Gene Repertoires: ­Evidence for a Well-Developed Sense of Smell in Birds?”
Proceedings: Biological Sciences
275, no. 1649 (October 22, 2008): 2309–317, accessed March 22, 2014,
http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/25249806?ref=search-gateway:7c9847c5706d0eb705f2b66ea9b88456
.

241
The bird also recalls faces of humans and chickens
: Carolynn L. Smith and Sarah L. Zielinksi, “The Startling Intelligence of the Common Chicken,”
Scientific American
310, no. 2, accessed March 22, 2014,
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-startling-intelligence-of-the-common-chicken/
.

241
“Even if chickens had a grammar”
: George Page, “Speak, Monkey,”
New York Times
,
March 11, 2000, accessed March 22, 2014,
http://www.nytimes.com/2000/03/12/books/speak-monkey.html
.

241
Since then, a German linguist
: Gail Damerow,
Storey's Guide to Raising Chickens: Care, Feeding, Facilities
(North Adams, MA: Storey Pub., 2010), 30.

242
Chicks also are capable of adding
: R. L. Fontanari Rugani et al., “Arithmetic in Newborn Chicks,”
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
276, no. 1666 (2009): 2451–460, doi:10.1098/rspb.2009.0044.

243
In 2012, an Australian
: Andy Lamey, “Primitive Self-Consciousness and Avian Cognition,” ed. Sherwood J. B. Sugden,
Monist
95, no. 3 (2012): 486–510, doi:10.5840/monist201295325.

244
He founded the Hi-Bred
: Margaret Derry,
Art and Science in Breeding: Creating Better Chickens
(Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2012), 143.

244
American hatcheries churn out 500
: Zoe Martin, “Iowa Leads Nation in Many Ag Production Sectors,”
Iowa Farmer Today
, March 13, 2014, accessed March 23, 2014,
http://www.iowafarmertoday.com/news/crop/iowa-leads-nation-in-many-ag-production-sectors/article_63e4a5d6-aa01-11e3-9e9d-001a4bcf887a.html
.

244
The hens lay more than
: J. A. Mench et al., “Sustainability of Egg Production in the United States—The Policy and Market Context,”
Poultry Science
90, no. 1 (2010): 229–40, doi:10.3382/ps.2010-00844.

244
Nine out of ten laying hens
: “Birds on Factory Farms,” ASPCA, accessed March 23, 2014,
http://www.aspca.org/fight-cruelty/farm-animal-cruelty/birds-factory-farms
.

244
Eight birds may be assigned:
Wilson G. Pond and Alan W. Bell,
Encyclopedia of Animal Science
(New York: Marcel Dekker, 2005), s.v. “Layer Housing: enrciched cages.”

244
Vicious pecking, avian hysteria
: Donald D. Bell and William D. Weaver Jr., eds.,
Commercial Chicken Meat and Egg Production
(New York: Springer, 2013), 92.

244
Birds are debeaked
: Tom L. Beauchamp and R. G. Frey,
The Oxford Handbook of Animal Ethics
(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), 756.

244
Disturbing conditions like fatty
: Nuhad J. Daghir,
Poultry Production in Hot Climates
(Wallingford, CT: CABI, 2008), 202.

244
“In no way can these living conditions”
: “Factory Egg Farming Is Bad for the Hens,” Environmental Organizers' Network, accessed March 23, 2014, http://www.wesleyan.edu/wsa/warn/eon/batteryfarming/hens.html.

244
“A gallinaceous madhouse”
: Roy Bedichek,
Adventures with a Texas Naturalist
(Austin: University of Texas Press, 1961), 115.

245
Chickens are excluded
: Mench, “Sustainability of Egg Production in the United States.”

245
Banned in the European Union
: James Andrews, “European Union Bans Battery Cages for Egg-Laying Hens,”
Food Safety News
, January 19, 2012, accessed March 23, 2014,
http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2012/01/european-union-bans-battery-cages-for-egg-laying-hens/#.Uy7Hyl76Tvo
.

245
Costco and Walmart sell only
: “Barren, Cramped Cages: Life for America's Egg-Laying Hens,” The Humane Society of the United States, April 19, 2012, accessed March 23, 2014,
http://www.humanesociety.org/issues/confinement_farm/facts/battery_cages.html
.

245
A new $1.8 million research facility
: “Laying Hen Facility Opens New Doors for Research Achievements at MSU,” ANR Communications, December 12, 2012, accessed March 23, 2014,
http://www.anrcom.msu.edu/anrcom/news/item/laying_hen_facility_opens_new_doors_for_research_achievements_at_msu
.

245
Animal welfare scientist Janice
: Janice Siegford, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.

248
Sheila Ommeh, who is tall
: Sheila Ommeh, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.