Why Did the Chicken Cross the World? (44 page)

145
A 2012 study that used
: Alice A. Storey et al., “Investigating the Global Dispersal of Chickens in Prehistory Using Ancient Mitochondrial DNA Signatures,”
PLoS ONE
7, no. 7 (2012): E39171, doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039171.

145
“Earlier I thought domestication of the chicken”
: Interview with a person familiar with Prince Fumihito's views by Andrew Lawler, 2012.

145
Olivier Hanotte, a biologist
: Olivier Hanotte, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2012.

147
“There does not seem”
: John Lawrence et al.,
Moubray's Treatise on Domestic and Ornamental Poultry: A Practical Guide to the History, Breeding, Rearing, Feeding, Fattening, and General Management of Fowls and Pigeons
(London: Arthur Hall, Virtue, and Co., 1854), 2.

147
The Palaung people scattered
: Frederick J. Simoons,
Eat Not This Flesh: Food Avoidances from Prehistory to the Present
(Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1994), 145.

147
Likewise, the Karen
: Ibid., 146.

147
The Purum Kukis
: Ibid.

147
At Uppsala University
: Leif Andersson, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2012.

8. The Little King

150
A healthy rooster can produce
: Dev Raj. Kana and P. R. Yadav,
Biology of Birds
(New Delhi: DPH, Discovery Pub. House, 2005), 94.

150
A team overseen by Martin Cohn
:
Ana M. Herrera et al., “Developmental Basis of Phallus Reduction during Bird Evolution,”
Current Biology
23, no. 12 (2013): 1065–74, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.04.062.

150
Cohn thinks this
: Martin Cohn, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2012.

151
“Genitalia, dear readers,”
: Patricia Brennan, “Why I Study Duck Genitalia,”
Slate
, April
2, 2013, accessed March 21, 2014,
http://www.slate.com/articles/health_and_science/science/2013/04/duck_penis_controversy_nsf_is_right_to_fund_basic_research_that_conservatives.html
.

151
New England Puritans excised
cock: Toni-Lee Capossela,
Language Matters: Readings for College Writers
(Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 1996), 216.

151
Two centuries before
: Joseph Glaser,
Middle English Poetry in Modern Verse
(Indiana­polis: Hackett Pub., 2007), 215.

151
The 1785
Classical Dictionary: Francis Grose,
A Classical Dictionary of the Vulgar Tongue, 1785
(Menston York, U.K.: Scolar P., 1968), C.

152
The term derives
: Stewart Edelstein,
Dubious Doublets: A Delightful Compendium of Unlikely Word Pairs of Common Origin, from Aardvark/Porcelain to Zodiac/Whiskey
(Hoboken, NJ: J. Wiley, 2003), 86.

152
“Victoria was not crowned”
: H. L. Mencken,
The American Language: An Inquiry into the Development of English in the United States
(New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1936), 301.

152
Well into the Victorian era
: J. Chamizo Domínguez Pedro,
Semantics and Pragmatics of False Friends
(New York: Routledge, 2008), 100.

152
The cock most likely acquired
: Mencken,
The
American Language
,
301.

152
During separate tours
: Aharon Ben-Ze'ev,
The Subtlety of Emotions
(Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2000), 430.

152
The Babylonian Talmud
: Menachem M. Brayer,
The Jewish Woman in Rabbinic Literature
(Hoboken, NJ: Ktav Pub. House, 1986), 74.

152
The Greek god Zeus gave the handsome
: James N. Davidson,
The Greeks and Greek Love: A Bold New Exploration of the Ancient World
(New York: Random House, 2007), 223.

152
There is no mistaking
: Lorrayne Y. Baird, “Priapus Gallinaceus: The Role of the Cock in Fertility and Eroticism in Classical Antiquity and the Middle Ages,”
Studies
in Iconography
7–8 (1981–82): 81–111.

153
“Throughout classical antiquity”
: Ibid.

153
In classical art, roosters
: Exhibit in Altes Museum, Berlin, personal visit by Andew Lawler, 2013.

153
Hidden from public view
: Baird, “Priapus Gallinaceus.”

153
“In Nature man generates”
: Scott Atran,
Cognitive Foundations of Natural History: Towards an Anthropology of Science
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 87.

154
By the time of Christ
: Richard Payne Knight,
The Symbolical Language of Ancient Art and Mythologie: An Inquiry
(New York: J. W. Bouton, 1892), 150.

154
“They declare the cock
:
Ibid., 70.

154
“Praised be to the Lord”
: Isidore Singer,
The Jewish Encyclopedia: A Descriptive Record of the History, Religion, Literature, and Customs of the Jewish People from the Earliest Times to the Present Day
(New York: Funk and Wagnalls, 1904), 3:11.

154
“Lo, the raving lions”
: Lucretius,
On the Nature of Things
,
trans. William Ellery Leonard (Sioux Falls, SD: NuVision Publications, 2007), 124.

154
Given this wealth of tradition
:
Dictionary of Christianity
,
comp., J. C. Cooper (Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn, 1996), s.v. “Animals.”

154
These are ostensibly reminders
: Mark 14:30 (
New American Bible
).

154
But the bird's heralding of light
: Lorrayne Y. Baird-Lange, “Christus Gallinaceus: A Chaucerian Enigma; or the Cock as Symbol of Christ in the Middle Ages,”
Studies in Iconography
9 (1983): 19–30.

154
In a popular fourth-century AD
: James J. Wilhelm,
The Cruelest Month: Spring, Nature, and Love in Classical and Medieval Lyrics
(New Haven: Yale University Press, 1965), 63.

154
“God, the Creator Himself”
: Baird-Lange, “Christus Gallinaceus,” 21.

155
Peter was crucified on Vatican Hill
:
James George Roche Forlong,
Faiths of Man: A Cyclopedia of Religions
,
vol. 2
(London: B. Quaritch, 1906), s.v. “Janus.”

155
“I will give you the keys
: Matthew 16:19 (
New American Bible
).

155
Today's Saint Peter's: Encyclopaedia Britannica
,
vols. 11–12, s.v. “Great Mother of the Gods.”

155
“The erotic association”
: Randy P. Conner et al.,
Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol, and Spirit: Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual, and Transgender Lore
­(London: Cassell, 1997), s.v. “Attis.”

155
The poet Juvenal remarked
: David M. Friedman,
A Mind of Its Own
(New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008), 31.

155
Near both the original basilica and the Cybele temple
: J. G. Heck and Spencer Fullerton Baird, comps.,
Iconographic Encyclopaedia of Science, Literature, and Art
(New York: R. Garrigue, 1857), s.v. “Rome”.

155
By the late sixth century
: John G. R. Forlong, comp.,
Encyclopedia of Religions
(New York: Cosimo Classics, 2008), s.v. “Peter.”

155
“The Cock is like the Souls”
: Louisa Twining,
Symbols and Emblems of Early and Medieval Christian Art
(London: John Murray, 1885), 188.

155
By the ninth century
: Norwood Young, ed.,
Handbook for Rome and the Campagna
(London: Edward Stanford, 1908), s.v. “S. Pietro.”

155
Clergy were called
: Hargrave Jennings,
Phallicism: Celestial and Terrestrial, Heathen and Christian
(London: George Redway, 1884).

156
By the tenth century
: Forlong,
Faiths of Man
,
s.v. “Peter.”

156
In 1102, at the end of the First
: Menashe Har-El,
Golden Jerusalem
(Jerusalem: Gefen Pub. House, 2004), 311.

156
By the time of the First Crusade
: Baird-Lange, “Christus Gallinaceus,” 26.

156
Magical amulets displaying fierce creatures
: Joseph Campbell,
The Masks of God
(New York: Viking Press, 1959), 275.

156
In the fourteenth century
: Mark Allen,
The Complete Poetry and Prose of Geoffrey Chaucer
(Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning, 2011), 239.

156
Alchemists, those protochemists
: Elio Corti, trans., “The Chicken of Ulisse Aldrovandi,” accessed March 21, 2014,
http://archive.org/stream/TheChickenOfUlisseAldrovandi/Aldrogallus_djvu.txt
.

156
A last echo of the cock's Christian
: William Shakespeare,
Shakespeare's Tragedy of Hamlet
, ed. John Hunter (London: Longmans, Green and Co., 1874), 11.

157
A decade later in the town
:
Marino Niola, “Archeologia della devozione” in L. M. Lombardi Satriani, ed., S
antità e tradizione: itinerari antropologico-religiosi
in
Campania
, 2000
.

157
“Within the Cock, vile”
: Stephen Orgel,
The Authentic Shakespeare, and Other Problems of the Early Modern Stage
(New York: Routledge, 2002), 217.

157
“What is your crest?”
: William Shakespeare,
The Complete Works of William Shakespeare
(New York: G.F. Cooledge & Brother, 1844), 262.

157
Some bard scholars
: Joel Friedman, “The Use of the Word ‘Comb' in Shakespeare's
The Taming of the Shrew
and
Cymbeline
,”
Joel Friedman Shakespeare Blog
, February 9, 2010, accessed March 21, 2014,
http://joelfriedmanshakespeare.blogspot.com/2010/02/use-of-word-comb-in-shakespeares-taming.html
.

158
Thirty years later, citing
: “The Ceremony of Presenting a Cock to the Pope,”
American Ecclesiastical Review
29 (1903): 301.

158
The Puritan preacher Cotton Mather
:
The Congregationalist and Christian World
100 (1915): 156.

158
The rooster remains
: France in the United States/Embassy of France in Washington, “The Gallic Rooster,” December 20, 2013, accessed March 21, 2014
http://www.ambafrance-us.org/spip.php?article604
.

158
It also has a longer history
: Steven Seidman, “The Rooster as the Symbol of the U.S. Democratic Party,”
Posters and Election Propaganga
(blog), Ithaca College, June 12, 2010, accessed March 21, 2014,
http://www.ithaca.edu/rhp/programs/cmd/blogs/posters_and_election_propaganda/the_rooster_as_the_symbol_of_the_u.s._democratic_p/#.Uywtbl76Tvo
.

158
In 2007, a scientific team
: J. M. Asara et al., “Protein Sequences from Mastodon and Tyrannosaurus Rex Revealed by Mass Spectrometry,”
Science
316, no. 5822 (2007): 280–85, doi:10.1126/science.1137614.

158
“Study
:
Tyrannosaurus
”
: Jeanna Bryner, “Study:
Tyrannosaurus Rex
Basically a Big Chicken,”
Fox News
, April 25, 2008, accessed March 21, 2014,
http://www.foxnews.com/story/2008/04/25/study-tyrannosaurus-rex-basically-big-chicken/
.

159
The discovery began
: Evan Ratliff, “Origin of Species: How a
T. Rex
Femur Sparked a Scientific Smackdown,”
Wired
, June 22, 2009, accessed May 14, 2014,
http://archive.wired.com/medtech/genetics/magazine/17-07/ff_originofspecies?currentPage=all
.

159
A Harvard University chemist
: John Asara, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.

160
Their 2007 paper in
: M. H. Schweitzer et al., “Biomolecular Characterization and Protein Sequences of the Campanian Hadrosaur B. Canadensis,”
Science
324, no. 5927 (2009): 626–31, doi:10.1126/science.1165069.

160
Horner, the Montana paleontologist
: Jack Horner, “Jack Horner: Building a Dinosaur from a Chicken,” TED video, 16:36, talk presented at an official TED conference, March 2011, accessed March 21, 2014,
http://www.ted.com/talks/jack_horner_building_a_dinosaur_from_a_chicken
.

161
In 2004, a biologist
: Matthew P. Harris et al., “The Development of Archosaurian First-Generation Teeth in a Chicken Mutant,”
Current Biology
16, no. 4 (2006): 371–77, doi:10.1016/j.cub.2005.12.047.

161
Arkhat Abzhanov, an evolutionary
: Arkhat Abzhanov, interview by Andrew Lawler, 2013.

162
In 2007, paleontologists
: A. H. Turner et al., “Feather Quill Knobs in the Dinosaur Velociraptor,”
Science
317, no. 5845 (2007): 1721, doi:10.1126/science.1145076.