When Computers Were Human (79 page)

Mauchly, John,
272
,
302
,
319

Mayer, Tobias,
28
,
29
,
32

mechanical quadrature.
See
mathematical methods

meteorology,
75
–
77
,
105
,
111
,
112
,
124
,
168
.
See also
Richardson, Lewis Fry

method of small arcs.
See
mathematical methods

metric system,
33
,
34
,
37
,
38
,
40

Michigan, University of,
2
–
4
,
166
,
189
,
190
,
198
,
209
,
260
,
266
,
330

missiles.
See
ballistics, trajectories

MIT.
See
Massachusetts Institute of Technology

Mitchell, Maria,
61
–
63
,
68
,
71
,
81
,
82
,
84
,
91
,
99
,
329

Mitchell, William,
62
,
76
,
82
,
329

monte carlo techniques.
See
mathematical methods

moon, motion of,
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32
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41
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60
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62
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99
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,
319

Moore School of Electrical Engineering.
See
Pennsylvania, University of

Moore, Joshua,
55

Morrow, Malcolm,
198
–
203
,
210
–
12

Morse, Philip,
217
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218
,
244
–
47
,
249
–
51
,
253
,
255
,
291
–
93
,
296
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,
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; and
Handbook of Mathematical Functions
,
312
–
314

Moulton, Forest Ray,
138
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42
,
147
,
151
–
53
,
179
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195
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MTAC.
See
Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation

National Academy of Sciences,
75
,
133
,
177
,
201
–
3
,
210
,
211
,
310
.
See also
National Research Council
; Work Projects Administration,
200
,
201

National Bureau of Standards,
202
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210
,
244
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247
,
255
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–
6
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,
329
; applied mathematics laboratories,
290
–
93
.
See also
Mathematical Tables Project
;
Briggs, Lyman
;
Institute for Numerical Analysis

National Defense Research Committee,
240
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255
,
266
,
276
–
78
,
284
,
332
; and Mathematical Tables Project,
247
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,
329

National Research Council,
133
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177
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81
,
185
,
195
,
211
,
234
,
235
,
238
–
40
,
256
,
329
; conflict of with R. C. Archibald,
237
–
39
,
256
.
See also
Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation

National Youth Administration,
185
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199
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229
,
272
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311
,
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,
329

National Observatory.
See
United States Naval Observatory

Nautical Almanac, American,
56
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60
,
77
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79
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82
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84
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87
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96
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99
,
137
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,
229
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,
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,
288
; and calculating machines,
69
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70
,
243
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270
,
287
,
318
; and prime meridian,
65
–
67
; and relations with Congress,
67
,
68
; staffing computing office of,
61
–
64
,
113
–
16
,
120
,
242
; and war,
71
,
72
,
240
,
246
,
249
.
See also
Babbage, Charles
;
Comrie, L. J.
;
Davis, Charles Henry
;
Eckert, Wallace J.
;
Maskelyne, Nevil
; Pierce, Benjamin;
Royal Astronomical Society

Nautical Almanac, British,
27
–
30
,
35
,
40
,
41
,
46
,
53
,
55
–
57
,
65
,
66
,
143
,
179
,
186
,
192
; and calculating machines,
172
–
74
,
193
; staffing computing office of,
33
,
36
,
47
–
49
,
53
,
54
,
64
,
172
,
196
,
261
.
See also
Babbage, Charles
;
Comrie, L. J.
;
Davis, Charles Henry
;
Eckert, Wallace J.
;
Maskelyne, Nevil
; Pierce, Benjamin;
Royal Astronomical Society

Naval Observatory.
See
United States Naval Observatory

navigation,
6
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27
–
33
,
40
,
47
,
55
–
58
,
66
,
67
,
73
,
100
,
129
,
154
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196
,
249
–
53
,
261
,
277
,
289
.
See also
Longitude, Methods of Determining

Neptune,
23
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59
–
62
,
119
,
192

New Deal,
185
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198
,
233
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237
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New York Hydrographic Office,
256
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269
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277
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285

Newcomb, Simon,
64
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72
,
113
–
17
,
198
,
235
,
240
,
241
,
274
,
330
; and labor troubles,
114
; and Institute for Exact Sciences,
115
,
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Newton, Isaac,
5
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6
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13
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16
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23
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26
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27
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38
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48
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208
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318
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330

Newton, Isaac (American agriculturalist),
75

New York Hydrographic Project.
See
Mathematical Tables Project
,
Long Range Navigation

Neyman, Jerzy,
269
–
71
,
278
,
285
,
295
,
330

numerical integration.
See
mathematical methods

Numerov, Boris,
194
,
248

Observatory Pinafore
,
84
–
88
,
157

O'Kane, Blanch (author's grandmother),
1
–
4
,
8

Oughtred, William,
91
,
92

Pascal, Blaise,
41
,
92
,
93

Pauling, Linus,
270

Pearl, Raymond,
147
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148
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150
,
161

Pearson, Karl,
102
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107
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12
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18
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125
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28
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130
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33
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147
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156
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169
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172
–
74
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178
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179
,
196
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219
,
237
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262
,
330
; and First World War,
126
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127
,
130
,
132
,
133
,
153
,
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; and George Bernard Shaw,
102
,
107
; and women,
107
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108
,
110
,
111
,
131
. See also
Tracts for Computers

Peirce, Benjamin,
57
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62
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66
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69
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71
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–
81
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84
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98
,
156
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159
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; and binary arithmetic,
79
,
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Peirce, Charles Saunders,
74

Pennsylvania, University of,
272
,
276
,
287
,
288
,
313
; computing office of,
257
–
61
; Moore School of Electrical Engineering Summer Lectures,
288
,
311

Persily, Matilda,
220

Pickering, Edward C.,
82
,
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,
87
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99
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,
330

planets.
See individual planets

political turmoil, scientists and,
304
–
10

Pontécoulant, Philippe Gustave Le Doulcet, comte de,
48
,
49
,
119
–
21
,
330

prime meridian,
55
,
65
,
66
; American,
50
,
65
–
67
,
240
; Greenwich,
65
–
67
; New Orleans (proposed),
65
,
66
; Paris,
65

Princeton University,
136
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208
,
253
,
256
,
301
,
313
; and Applied Mathematics Panel,
266
,
269
; enthusiasm at for First World War,
133
,
208

programming, computer.
See
computers, electronic stored programs

progressive digiting,
162
,
192
,
193

punched card machines,
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146
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163
,
188
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191
–
93
,
226
,
243
,
244
,
268
,
270
,
287
,
288
,
303
,
318
; adding tabulators,
93
–
96
,
99
,
159
,
162
–
66
,
168
,
226
,
283
; and Analytical Engine,
44
–
45
; and L. J. Comrie,
172
; compared to human computers,
275
; limits of for scientific computation,
171
,
229
,
242
; multiplying tabulators,
162
,
193
,
225
,
311
; plug boards,
274
,
304

Radcliffe College.
See
Harvard University

Rees, Mina,
273
,
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Research Board for National Security,
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,
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,
300

Rhodes, Ida,
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220
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251
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252
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255
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273
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296
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,
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Richardson, Lewis Fry,
142
–
44
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201
,
218
,
229
,
330

Richtmyer, Floyd,
178
–
81

Ritt, Joseph,
136
,
137

Rockefeller Foundation,
227
,
238
,
330
,
253
,
257
,
264

Rocket trajectories.
See
ballistics, trajectories

Royal Astronomical Society,
39
,
40
,
43
,
47
–
49
,
52
–
54
,
173
,
329

Royal Greenwich Observatory,
15
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27
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28
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35
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38
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46
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47
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49
–
57
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62
,
65
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