When Computers Were Human (79 page)
Read When Computers Were Human Online
Authors: David Alan Grier
mechanical quadrature.
See
mathematical methods
meteorology,
75
â
77
,
105
,
111
,
112
,
124
,
168
.
See also
Richardson, Lewis Fry
method of small arcs.
See
mathematical methods
Michigan, University of,
2
â
4
,
166
,
189
,
190
,
198
,
209
,
260
,
266
,
330
missiles.
See
ballistics, trajectories
MIT.
See
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Mitchell, Maria,
61
â
63
,
68
,
71
,
81
,
82
,
84
,
91
,
99
,
329
Mitchell, William,
62
,
76
,
82
,
329
monte carlo techniques.
See
mathematical methods
moon, motion of,
11
,
13
,
24
,
27
â
32
,
41
,
60
,
62
,
79
,
99
,
168
,
192
,
193
,
319
Moore School of Electrical Engineering.
See
Pennsylvania, University of
Moore, Joshua,
55
Morrow, Malcolm,
198
â
203
,
210
â
12
Morse, Philip,
217
,
218
,
244
â
47
,
249
â
51
,
253
,
255
,
291
â
93
,
296
,
297
,
329
; and
Handbook of Mathematical Functions
,
312
â
314
Moulton, Forest Ray,
138
â
42
,
147
,
151
â
53
,
179
,
195
,
253
,
329
MTAC.
See
Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation
National Academy of Sciences,
75
,
133
,
177
,
201
â
3
,
210
,
211
,
310
.
See also
National Research Council
; Work Projects Administration,
200
,
201
National Bureau of Standards,
202
,
206
,
210
,
244
,
247
,
255
,
257
,
289
,
298
,
300
,
302
â
6
,
309
,
310
,
313
,
314
,
318
,
329
; applied mathematics laboratories,
290
â
93
.
See also
Mathematical Tables Project
;
Briggs, Lyman
;
Institute for Numerical Analysis
National Defense Research Committee,
240
,
255
,
266
,
276
â
78
,
284
,
332
; and Mathematical Tables Project,
247
,
251
,
253
,
254
,
329
National Research Council,
133
,
177
â
81
,
185
,
195
,
211
,
234
,
235
,
238
â
40
,
256
,
329
; conflict of with R. C. Archibald,
237
â
39
,
256
.
See also
Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation
National Youth Administration,
185
,
186
,
199
,
229
,
272
,
311
,
317
,
329
National Observatory.
See
United States Naval Observatory
Nautical Almanac, American,
56
â
60
,
77
,
79
,
82
,
84
,
87
,
96
,
99
,
137
,
138
,
178
,
181
,
198
,
229
,
232
,
267
,
288
; and calculating machines,
69
â
70
,
243
,
270
,
287
,
318
; and prime meridian,
65
â
67
; and relations with Congress,
67
,
68
; staffing computing office of,
61
â
64
,
113
â
16
,
120
,
242
; and war,
71
,
72
,
240
,
246
,
249
.
See also
Babbage, Charles
;
Comrie, L. J.
;
Davis, Charles Henry
;
Eckert, Wallace J.
;
Maskelyne, Nevil
; Pierce, Benjamin;
Royal Astronomical Society
Nautical Almanac, British,
27
â
30
,
35
,
40
,
41
,
46
,
53
,
55
â
57
,
65
,
66
,
143
,
179
,
186
,
192
; and calculating machines,
172
â
74
,
193
; staffing computing office of,
33
,
36
,
47
â
49
,
53
,
54
,
64
,
172
,
196
,
261
.
See also
Babbage, Charles
;
Comrie, L. J.
;
Davis, Charles Henry
;
Eckert, Wallace J.
;
Maskelyne, Nevil
; Pierce, Benjamin;
Royal Astronomical Society
Naval Observatory.
See
United States Naval Observatory
navigation,
6
,
27
â
33
,
40
,
47
,
55
â
58
,
66
,
67
,
73
,
100
,
129
,
154
,
196
,
249
â
53
,
261
,
277
,
289
.
See also
Longitude, Methods of Determining
New Deal,
185
,
190
,
198
,
233
,
237
,
255
,
330
New York Hydrographic Office,
256
,
269
,
277
,
285
Newcomb, Simon,
64
,
72
,
113
â
17
,
198
,
235
,
240
,
241
,
274
,
330
; and labor troubles,
114
; and Institute for Exact Sciences,
115
,
116
Newton, Isaac,
5
,
6
,
13
â
16
,
23
,
26
,
27
,
38
,
48
,
50
,
59
,
81
,
92
,
103
,
119
,
121
,
128
,
148
,
185
,
208
,
318
,
330
Newton, Isaac (American agriculturalist),
75
New York Hydrographic Project.
See
Mathematical Tables Project
,
Long Range Navigation
Neyman, Jerzy,
269
â
71
,
278
,
285
,
295
,
330
numerical integration.
See
mathematical methods
Observatory Pinafore
,
84
â
88
,
157
O'Kane, Blanch (author's grandmother),
1
â
4
,
8
Pauling, Linus,
270
Pearl, Raymond,
147
,
148
,
150
,
161
Pearson, Karl,
102
,
107
â
12
,
115
â
18
,
125
â
28
,
130
â
33
,
147
,
156
,
158
,
165
,
168
,
169
,
172
â
74
,
178
,
179
,
196
,
219
,
237
,
262
,
330
; and First World War,
126
,
127
,
130
,
132
,
133
,
153
,
154
; and George Bernard Shaw,
102
,
107
; and women,
107
,
108
,
110
,
111
,
131
. See also
Tracts for Computers
Peirce, Benjamin,
57
â
62
,
66
â
69
,
71
,
74
,
78
â
81
,
84
,
98
,
156
,
159
,
222
,
330
; and binary arithmetic,
79
,
80
Peirce, Charles Saunders,
74
Pennsylvania, University of,
272
,
276
,
287
,
288
,
313
; computing office of,
257
â
61
; Moore School of Electrical Engineering Summer Lectures,
288
,
311
Persily, Matilda,
220
Pickering, Edward C.,
82
,
83
,
87
,
99
,
230
,
330
planets.
See individual planets
political turmoil, scientists and,
304
â
10
Pontécoulant, Philippe Gustave Le Doulcet, comte de,
48
,
49
,
119
â
21
,
330
prime meridian,
55
,
65
,
66
; American,
50
,
65
â
67
,
240
; Greenwich,
65
â
67
; New Orleans (proposed),
65
,
66
; Paris,
65
Princeton University,
136
,
208
,
253
,
256
,
301
,
313
; and Applied Mathematics Panel,
266
,
269
; enthusiasm at for First World War,
133
,
208
programming, computer.
See
computers, electronic stored programs
progressive digiting,
162
,
192
,
193
punched card machines,
145
,
146
,
163
,
188
,
191
â
93
,
226
,
243
,
244
,
268
,
270
,
287
,
288
,
303
,
318
; adding tabulators,
93
â
96
,
99
,
159
,
162
â
66
,
168
,
226
,
283
; and Analytical Engine,
44
â
45
; and L. J. Comrie,
172
; compared to human computers,
275
; limits of for scientific computation,
171
,
229
,
242
; multiplying tabulators,
162
,
193
,
225
,
311
; plug boards,
274
,
304
Radcliffe College.
See
Harvard University
Research Board for National Security,
279
,
280
,
300
Rhodes, Ida,
212
,
220
,
251
,
252
,
255
,
273
,
296
,
300
,
315
Richardson, Lewis Fry,
142
â
44
,
201
,
218
,
229
,
330
Rockefeller Foundation,
227
,
238
,
330
,
253
,
257
,
264
Rocket trajectories.
See
ballistics, trajectories
Royal Astronomical Society,
39
,
40
,
43
,
47
â
49
,
52
â
54
,
173
,
329
Royal Greenwich Observatory,
15
,
27
,
28
,
35
,
38
,
46
,
47
,
49
â
57
,
62
,
65
,
66
,
113
,
120
,
121
,
172
,
321
,
328
