When Computers Were Human (77 page)

Cornell University,
140
,
166
,
178
,
208
,
209
,
218

corn-hog ratio,
150
,
151

cottage industries.
See
division of labor

Courant, Richard,
253
,
267
,
279
,
281
,
283
,
284

Cowles, Alfred,
186
–
90
,
225
,
327

Cowles Commission for Economic Research,
188
,
195
,
327

Crommelin, Andrew,
119
–
21
,
123
,
130
,
179
,
318
,
319
,
321
,
327

Crowell, Philip,
121
,
327

Curtiss, John,
219
,
290
–
92
,
295
,
296
,
299
,
300
,
302
,
303
,
309
,
313
; and Mathematical Tables Project,
219
,
290
–
94
,
298
,
299

d'Alembert, Jean le Rond,
23
,
24
,
325

Dantzig, George,
295
,
296

Darwin, Charles,
102
–
5
,
107

Davis, Charles Henry,
57
–
68
,
74
,
75
,
78
,
81
,
113
,
181
,
232
,
327
; and Shakespeare,
58
,
64
,
71
; and United States Congress,
67
,
68
,
70

Davis, H. T.,
180
–
88
,
202
,
203
,
211
,
219
,
225
,
239
,
311
,
327
; and Indiana University computing lab,
183
–
86
; and Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation,
195
,
196
,
201
,
237
; and
Tables of Higher Mathematical Functions
,
185
,
186
,
188

de Prony, Gaspard Marie Riche,
34
–
38
,
40
,
43
,
45
,
46
,
51
,
92
,
215
,
275
,
321
,
327

decimal angle measure,
34
,
38
,
40

Dickens, Charles,
46
,
52
,
104

difference engine,
43
,
44
,
53
,
54
,
69
,
92
,
172
,
173
,
287
,
288
,
327
; Airy's opinion of,
53
,
54
; and American Nautical Almanac,
69
,
70
,
242
; of Charles Babbage (
see
Babbage, Charles
); and L. J. Comrie,
173
; at Institute for Numerical Analysis,
301
; of George and Edvard Scheutz,
69
,
70
,
92
,
173

differencing.
See
mathematical methods

differential analyzer,
178
,
179
,
190
,
260
,
261
,
268
,
272
,
281
,
287
,
327
; of Aberdeen Proving Ground,
234
,
235
,
258
,
259
; differential equations and,
121
,
130
,
143
,
148
,
166
,
178
,
194
,
218
,
229
,
234
,
267
,
327
; of Germany,
281
,
283
; of the University of Pennsylvania,
258
,
259
,
261

division of labor,
6
,
24
–
27
,
36
–
38
,
40
,
41
,
45
,
55
,
75
–
77
,
88
,
99
,
116
,
118
,
120
,
163
,
172
,
242
,
256
,
258
,
273
,
275
,
301
; in cottage industry,
30
,
33
,
37
; in factory methods,
30
,
46
,
47
,
53
,
54
,
95
,
96
,
100
,
101
,
213
,
214

Doolittle, Myrrick,
79
,
136
,
156
,
274
,
327
; and least squares technique,
78
,
81
,
93
,
159
–
62
,
165
,
166
,
187

Dudley Observatory,
69
,
70

Dunkin, Edwin,
51
,
52

Eckert, J. Presper,
272
,
302
,
319
,
327

Eckert, Wallace J.,
192
–
94
,
216
,
231
,
237
,
238
,
253
,
257
,
267
,
270
,
274
,
302
,
313
,
319
,
327
; and American Nautical Almanac,
241
–
43
; and Mathematical Tables Project,
246
; Orange Book of,
194
–
95
,
231
,
274
; and security,
194
,
248
,
249

Econometric Society,
189

Economics.
See
statistics, economic
;
social sciences

Edinburgh Mathematics Laboratory,
124
,
125
,
156
,
184

Einstein, Albert,
119
,
205
,
273

Eisenhart, Luther,
238
,
239
,
256

electrical engineering,
7
,
99
,
181
,
229
,
258
,
272

ElectroData Corporation,
311
,
312

Emerson, Ralph Waldo,
55
,
59

ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer),
261
,
272
,
287
,
288
,
302
,
313
,
319
,
327
; and Mathematical Tables Project,
257
,
258
,
295
,
296

ephemerides,
30
,
33
,
48
,
49
,
53
,
62
,
68
–
70
,
77
,
120
,
130
,
137
,
168
,
192
,
193
,
240
,
318
,
319

errors.
See
accuracy of computations
;
comets, precision of prediction for

factories.
See
division of labor

Felt, Dorr,
93
,
96

Feynman, Richard,
275

First World War,
3
,
126
–
34
,
138
,
139
,
142
,
145
,
146
,
151
,
152
–
54
,
156
,
159
,
169
,
174
,
177
,
182
,
180
,
183
,
191
,
195
,
205
,
232
,
235
,
240
,
263

Flamsteed, John,
92

Food Administration.
See
United States Food Administration

French Revolution.
See
de Prony, Gaspard Marie Riche
;
metric system

Froelich, Clara,
170
,
171
,
179
,
216
,
221
–
24
,
311
,
328

Fry, Thornton,
142
,
170
,
171
,
183
,
189
,
195
,
201
,
216
,
222
,
223
,
268
,
284
,
328
; and Applied Mathematics Panel,
253
,
280
,
283
; and Mathematical Tables and other Aids to Computation,
178
–
81
; isograph computing machine of,
222
,
223
,
226

Fuller, Margaret,
62

Galilei, Galileo,
6
,
128

Galton Laboratory,
108
–
10
,
112
,
116
–
18
,
150
,
155
–
58
,
169
,
172
,
196
,
237
,
328
(see also
Tracts for Computers
); in first world war,
125
–
31
,
133
,
151
,
154
Note: when the cross ref. entry is italicized the See or See also flips to roman type]

Galton, Francis,
103
–
6
,
110
,
111
,
118
,
131
,
137
,
169
,
172
,
173
.
See also
statistics, correlation

Gauss, Carl Friedrich,
63
,
77
,
78
,
81
,
84
;
Theoria motus corporum coelestium
63
,
78

General Electric Corporation,
99
,
180
,
278
; computing division of,
179
,
190

George Washington University,
138

Germany,
99
,
100
,
182
,
276
; computing offices of,
256
,
280
–
84
,
301
,
302

Glover, James,
4
,
189
,
190
,
201
,
209
,
328

Goldstine, Adele,
260
,
261
,
287
,
313
,
328

Gould, Benjamin,
69
,
70

Great Depression,
2
,
7
,
174
,
177
,
180
,
186
,
201
,
209
,
220
,
272
,
287
,
289
.
See also
Work Projects Administration

Greenwich Observatory.
See
Royal Greenwich Observatory

Gulliver's Travels. See
Swift, Jonathan

Halley, Edmund,
11
–
16
,
21
,
27
,
38
,
46
,
51
,
53
,
60
,
91
,
107
,
120
,
124
,
125
,
148
,
318
,
319
,
321
,
328
.
See also
Halley's comet

Halley's comet,
11
–
16
,
20
–
25
,
27
,
28
,
36
,
37
,
46
,
48
,
60
,
103
,
125
,
128
,
130
,
150
,
328
; 1682 return,
11
,
14
,
15
,
22
,
24
; 1758 return,
15
,
16
,
20
–
24
,
37
,
48
; 1835 return,
46
,
48
,
49
,
119
; 1910 return,
119
–
22
,
123
,
179
,
182
; 1986 return,
318
–
21
; 2061 return,
322
.
See also
comets

Handbook of Mathematical Functions
,
312
–
14
,
322

Harrison, John,
28
,
29

Harvard University,
57
–
59
,
62
,
67
,
68
,
79
,
91
,
99
,
133
,
182
,
183
,
208
,
218
,
222
,
229
,
230
–
32
,
254
,
266
,
267
; and Mark I Calculating Machine,
229
–
32
,
272
,
275
,
277
; and National Youth Administration,
229
; Observatory,
56
,
62
,
66
,
77
,
82
–
88
,
99
,
112
,
113
,
229
,
230
; Radcliffe College,
83
,
103
,
189
,
190
,
208

Herschel, Caroline,
39