Warrior Queens: Boadicea's Chariot (59 page)

12
Cit. Piggott (IV–9), p. 136; Clarke (IV–9), p. 99.

13
Fox (IV–11), p. 70; Allen, ‘Coins’ (IV–1), p. 14.

14
Allen, ‘Coins’ (IV–1), p. 3 and fig. 1; Tony Gregory, Norfolk Archaeological Unit, to the author, 1985.

15
Frere, Sheppard,
Britannia: A History of Roman Britain
(revised edn 1978), p. 40; Todd (II–8), p. 53; Webster (I–3), p. 24.

16
Spratling, Dr Mansel, ‘Note on Santon, Norfolk, Hoard’,
Britannia
, Vol. 6 (1975); Fox (IV–11), p. 84.

17
‘Very heavy and uncomfortable’ were the terms used to the author by one individual who tried on a torc; see Clarke, R. Rainbird, ‘The Early Iron Age Treasure from Snettisham, Norfolk’,
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society
(1954); and Brailsford, John and Stapley, J. E., ‘The Ipswich Torcs’,
Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society
(1972).

18
Brailsford and Stapley (IV–17), p. 227; alternatively if the Snettisham torcs come from further south, the Ipswich torcs may be local.

19
Reynolds, Peter, ‘Experimental Archaeology and the Butser Ancient Farm Research Project’ in Collis, J.,
The Iron Age in Britain
(1977), p. 37.

20
Thetford,
Current Archaeology
, no. 81 (1981), pp. 294–7; Gregory (IV–14) to author.

21
Dio (III–23), VII, p. 414–15.

22
Gardner, Jane F.,
Women in Roman Law and Society
(1986), p. 5; and Balsdon, J. P. V. D.,
Roman Women: Their History and Habits
(1962),
passim
.

23
Wells, Colin,
The Roman Empire
(1984 pbk), p. 271.

24
Ross,
Everyday
(IV–8), p. 146.

25
Caesar cit. Ross,
Everyday
(IV–8), p. 133; Ross,
Pagan
(II–1), pp. 62f.; Webster (I–3), p. 82.

26
Livy cit. Ross,
Everyday
(IV–8), p. 154; Strabo (IV–10), 11, p. 247.

27
Tacitus (III–1), p. 266.

28
See Richmond, I. A., ‘Queen Cartimandua’,
Journal of Roman Studies
, Vol. 44 (1954), pp. 43–52.

29
Tacitus (III–1), p. 269.

30
Tacitus,
The Histories
, translated by Kenneth Wellesley (revised edn, 1986 pbk), p. 172; Webster, Graham,
Rome against Caractacus: The Roman Campaigns in Britain AD 48–58
(1981), p. 14.

31
Richmond (IV–28), p. 52.

32
Ubaldini,
Donne
(I–5); Milton, John,
The History of Britain … continu’d to the Normal Conquest
(1670), p. 60.

33
Tacitus,
The Agricola and the Germania
, translated by H. Mattingly, revised by S. A. Handford (1970 pbk), p. 66.

34
Syme, Sir Ronald,
Tacitus
, 2 vols (Oxford 1958), Vol. I, p. v.

35
Tacitus (III–I), pp. 327–32; Tacitus,
Agricola
(IV–33), pp. 65–7; Dio (III–23), VIII, pp. 83–105.

36
Syme (IV–34), I, pp. 270f.; II, p. 763.

37
Millar, Fergus, A
Study of Cassius Dio
(Oxford 1964), pp. 32f.

38
Webster (I–3), p. 105.

39
In 1962 Dudley and Webster (III–1), pp. 144f., wrote of ‘a strong presumption in favour of 60 … with 61 not disposed of completely’; Syme (IV–34), I, p. 20 note 8 chooses 60; but in 1981 Salway (IV–7) referred to ‘more recent opinion’ returning to 61; i.e. Carroll, Kevin, J., ‘The Date of Boudicca’s Revolt’,
Britannia
, Vol. X (1979), pp. 197–202, who argues for 61; however Webster (III–1) sticks to 60, as do Frere (IV–15) and Clarke (IV–9).

40
Salway (IV–7), p. 90 and note 2.

41
See Braund, David C.,
Rome and the Friendly King: The Character of the Client Kingship
(1984), Part III, ‘Royal Wills’, p. 144 where the point is made that ‘we simply do not know how Nero and the King’s daughters were to divide the inheritance, for Tacitus does not tell us’.

Chapter 5: Ruin by a Woman

1
Tacitus trans. Dudley and Webster (I–3), p. 137; Tacitus,
Agricola
(IV–33), p. 66; Dio (III–23), VIII, p. 85.

2
Bulst, Christoph, ‘The Revolt of Queen Boudicca in
AD
60; Roman Politics and the Iceni’,
Historia
, Vol. 10 (1961), p. 499.

3
Dio (III–23), VIII, p. 85; cit. Powell (IV–8), p. 76; cit. Chadwick, Nora,
The Celts
(1970), p. 50.

4
Cit. Jardine, Lisa, ‘Isotta Nogarola: Women Humanists, Education for What?’,
History of Education
, Vol. 12, no. 4 (1983), p. 233.

5
Donizo cit. Huddy, Mary E.,
Matilda, Countess of Tuscany
(1905), p. 76; cit. Hibbert, Christopher,
The Great Mutiny, India 1857
(1978), p. 378;
The Scriptores Historiae Augustae
, with an English translation by David Magie, 3 vols (1922–32), Vol. III, p. 139; Gibbon (I–9), I, p. 302.

6
Johnsonian Miscellanies
, ed. G. B. Hill, 2 vols (Oxford 1897), Vol. I, p. 118; Dudley and Webster (I–3), p. 46.

7
Salway (IV–7), p. 113; Braund (IV–41), p. 144.

8
Graham Webster in the
London Archaeologist
, Vol. 4, no. 15 (1984) p. 411 suggests ‘Boudica and her household’ may have misunderstood what was an accounting process; alternatively Catus saw an opportunity for personal gain; Tacitus (III–1), p. 328.

9
Cit. Salway (IV–7), p. 146; Brownmiller, Susan,
Against our will: Men, Women and Rape
(1975), p. 14.

10
Breisach (I–21), p. 341.

11
I.e. Salway (IV–7), p. 114.

12
Cit. Balsdon (IV–22), p. 33.

13
Dio (III–23), VIII, p. 83.

14
Salway (IV–7), p. 115.

15
See Richmond, I. A., ‘The Four
Coloniae
of the Roman Empire’,
Archaeological Journal
, Vol. 103 (1947), p. 57.

16
Frere (IV–15), pp. 104–5.

17
Fishwick, Duncan, ‘Templum Divo Claudium Constitutum’,
Britannia
, Vol. 3 (1972), pp. 168f.; Webster (I–3), p. 89.

18
See Wheeler, R. E. M. and Laver, P. G., ‘Roman Colchester’,
Journal of Roman Studies
, IX (1919), pp. 139–69; Crummy, Philip, ‘Colchester: The Roman Fortress and the Development of the Colonia’,
Britannia
, Vol. 8 (1977), pp. 65–106.

19
Dudley and Webster (I–3), p. 49.

20
Ross,
Pagan
(II–1), p. 53; also Piggott (IV–9),
passim
for the Druids.

21
Todd (II–8), p. 257; Salway (IV–7), p. 24.

22
Gibbon (I–9), I, p. 29.

23
Laing, Lloyd,
Celtic Britain
(1979), p. 81; Piggott (IV–9), p. 99; Powell (IV–8), p. 153; Ross,
Everyday
(IV–8), p. 151; Syme, Sir Ronald,
Ten Studies in Tacitus
(Oxford 1970), p. 25 and note 2.

24
Cit. Holmes, Richard,
Footsteps
(1984), p. 263.

25
Strongly argued by Webster (I–3), pp. 63f.; Richmond, I. A.,
Roman Britain
(2nd edn 1963 pbk), p. 28, agrees, as does Frere (IV–15), p. 76; but see Todd (II–8), Appendix pp. 255–6 for contrary view and Dyson, Stephen L., ‘Native Revolts in the Roman Empire’,
History
, Vol. xx (1971), p. 260: the Druids’ role has been ‘exaggerated’.

26
Fox (IV–11), p. 145.

27
Holinshed’s Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland
, 6 vols, Vol. I (1807), p. 496; Milton (IV–32), p. 65; Syme (IV–34), I, p. 763 and note 6; Overbeck, John C., ‘Tacitus and Dio on Boudicca’s Rebellion’,
American Journal of Philology
, Vol. XL (1969), p. 136 note 27.

28
See Layard, John,
The Lady and the Hare
(1944),
passim
; Ross,
Pagan
(II–1), pp. 349–50.

29
Note by Dr Anne Ross, Dudley and Webster (I–3), p. 151; Briffault (II–9), II, p. 70 note 12; Ross,
Everyday
(IV–8), p. 159; cit. Fox (IV–11), p. 139 and plate 80 no. 19.

30
Tacitus,
Histories
(IV–30), p. 247; Powell (IV–8), p. 195.

31
Dyson (v–25), p. 265.

32
Dudley and Webster (I–3), p. 57.

33
Crummy (v–18), p. 81.

34
Crummy, Philip,
Colchester, Recent Excavations and Research
(Colchester 1974).

35
Philip Crummy, Colchester Archaeological Trust, to the author, Colchester, 1985.

36
Dudley and Webster (I–3), pp. 106–7.

37
Webster (I–3), p. 117.

Chapter 6: The Red Layer

1
Todd (II–8), p. 90.

2
Tacitus,
Agricola
(IV–33), p. 63.

3
Webster (I–3), pp. 90–1.

4
See Frere, S. S. and Joseph, J. K. St., ‘The Roman Fortress at Longthorpe’,
Britannia
, Vol. 5 (1974).

5
Ogilvie, R. M. and Richmond, Sir Ian (eds),
Cornelii Taciti De Vita Agricolae
(Oxford 1967), p. 198 note to ‘
universi
’.

6
Webster (I–3), p. 90.

7
Webster (I–3), p. 93; Firth, C. H.,
Cromwell’s Army
, with a new Introduction by P. H. Hardacre (1967 pbk), p. 106.

8
See Merrifield, Ralph,
London: City of the Romans
(1983), pp. 41–6 and notes 1 and 2 p. 274 for a concise summary.

9
Hall, Jenny and Merrifield, Ralph,
Roman London
(HMSO 1986), p.6.

10
Merrifield (VI–8), pp. 26–7 suggests a military origin; but see Marsden, Peter,
Roman London
(1980), pp. 22–4 for a theory of civil trading settlement.

11
Marsden (VI–10), p. 24 for acreage; Frere (IV–15), p. 296 for population, if Tacitus’ figures are accepted, since his language suggests ‘an official souce’.

12
Merrifield (VI–8), p. 42.

13
Marsden (VI–10), p. 26.

14
Marsden (VI–10), p. 25.

15
Webster (I–3), p. 94.

16
Dudley and Webster (I–3), p. 55.

17
See Lambert, Frank, ‘Some Recent Excavations in London’,
Archaeologia
, Vol. LXXI (1921), pp. 55–8; Dunning, G. C., ‘Two Fires of Roman London’,
Antiquaries Journal
, Vol. xxv (1945), pp. 48–50 and fig. 3.

18
Marsden (VI–10), p. 33; Report by the Police President of Hamburg, 1 December 1943, Appendix 30,
German Documents, 1943–45
, p. 311.

19
Marsden (VI–10), p. 31.

20
Merrifield (VI–8), p. 57.

21
But Marsh, Geoff and West, Barbara, ‘Skulduggery in Roman London?’, London and Middlesex Archaeological Society,
Transactions
, xxxii (1981) reject ‘the events of AD 60’ in connection with the skulls, in favour of ‘Celtic religious practices connected with water’.

22
Fraser, Antonia,
Cromwell, Our Chief of Men
(1973), p. 338.

23
Tacitus,
Agricola
(IV–33), p. 66; Tacitus (III–1), p. 329; Dio (III–23), VIII, p. 95.

24
Grimal, Pierre,
The Dictionary of Classical Mythology
(1986), pp. 75–6.

25
I.e. Salway (IV–7), pp. 65–7; Wells (IV–23), pp. 276–8.

26
Pete Rowsome, site supervisor for Museum of London, quoted in
New Scientist
, 29 August 1985.

27
Clive. Thomas,
The Complete Works of Lord Macaulay
, 12 vols (1898), Vol. VII, p. 362.

Chapter 7: Eighty Thousand Dead

1
See Frere, Sheppard,
Verulamium Excavations
, Vol. I, Reports of the Research Committee of the Society of Antiquaries of London no. XXVIII (Oxford 1972); Webster (I–3), p. 124.

2
Tacitus (III–1), pp. 328–9; Dio (III–23), VIII, p. 95; Webster (I–3), p. 124.

3
Todd (II–8), p. 91 for ten thousand; Webster, Graham,
The Roman Imperial Army of the First and Second Centuries
AD
(2nd edn reprinted with corrections 1981), p. 229 for 15,000–20,000.