War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race, Expanded Edition (95 page)
Authors: Edwin Black
BOOK: War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race, Expanded Edition
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| 50. | Pernick, pp. 157-158. |
| 51. | War Department, “General Orders, No. 62.” Nevada State Library and Archives, “An Outline of Capital Punishment in Nevada,” at dmla.c1an.lib.nv.us . Florida Corrections Commission, “Execution Methods Used by States: Executions in the U.S. - A Brief History,” at www.fcc.state.fl.us . Popenoe and Johnson 1918, p. 184. Popenoe and Johnson, rev. ed., p. 135. Davenport, p. 63. |
| 52. | Carnegie Instirution of Washington, Announcement of Station for Experimental Evolution (Washington: Carnegie Instirution of Washington, 1905), pp. 2-3: CSH: CIW Administrative Files: Dept. of Genetics-Biological Laboratory Plans for Unified Operation. RAC 1.11717/10/64 as cited by Paul J. Weindling, “From Philanthropy to International Science Policy: Rockefeller Funding of Biomedical Sciences in Germany 1920-1940,” in Nicolass A. Rupke, ed., Science, Politics and the Public Good: Essays in Honor of Margaret Gowing (New York: Macmillan Press, 1988), p. 132. RAC 1.11717/20/187 as cited by Weindling, p. 132. |
| 53. | “A Biological Court: Treating the Cause,” Eugenical News Vol. IX (1924), p. 92. |
| 54. | See William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1960), pp. 29-31. See Adolf Hitler, Mein Kampf, trans. Ralph Manheim (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1943), pp. 394-397,400-405. Paul J. Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870- 1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 308-310. |
| 55. | Elof Axel Carlson, The Unfit: A History of a Bad Idea (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2001), p. 323. Benno Müller-Hill, Murderous Science, G. R. Fraser, trans. (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: 1998), p. 121. Erwin Baur, Eugen Fischer, Fritz Lenz, Human Heredity, trans. Eden and Cedar Paul (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1931), pp. 442, 590, 593, 594. |
| 56. | Autobiography of Leon R. Whitney, unpublished manuscript circa 1973, p. 205: APS Manuscript Collection. |
| 57. | Grant, p. 49. |
| 58. | Whitney, p. 204, 205. |
| 59. | Whitney, p. 205. |
| 1. | Gustav Boeters, “Die Unfruchtbarmachung der geistig Minderwertigen,” Zwickauer Tageblatt Sonderabdruck (Special Edition), n.d.: Bundesarchiv Berlin, R86, Akte 2374, Blatt 5. Gustav Boeters, “Die Unfruchtbarmachung der geistig Minderwertigen,” Wissenschaftliche Beilage der Leipziger Lehrerzeitung, Nr. 28 (August 1924): Bundesarchiv Berlin, R86, Akte 2374, Blatt. 214. Robert N. Proctor, Racial Hygiene: Medicine Under the Nazis (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988), pp. 98, 360. Paul J. Weindling, Health, Race and German Politics Between National Unification and Nazism, 1870-1945 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), pp. 389-393,450,471, 526. |
| 2. | Weindling, p. 69. |
| 3. | Weindling, pp. 75, 76. Fritz Lenz, “Eugenics in Germany,” Paul Popenoe, trans. , Journal of Heredity Vol. XV No. 5 (May, 1924), pp. 223, 224. |
| 4. | “The Richardson Lethal Chamber (patented) for the Painless Extinction of Lower Animal Life,” undated pamphlet: UCD Special Collections. Weindling, pp. 69, 77,123. Lenz, p. 223. Proctor, p. 15. |
| 5. | Proctor, pp. 14-16. Letter, Alfred Ploetz to G. Hauptmann, 2 April 1897 as cited by Weindling, p. 127. Letter, Alfred Ploetz to G. Hauptmann, 11 May 1901 as cited by Weindling, p. 128. Letter, Alfred Ploerz to Ernst Rüdin as cited by Weindling, p. 128. Weindling, p. 129. |
| 6. | Proctor, pp. 17,20-21. Weindling, pp. 141-142, Lenz, p. 225. “Eugenicists in Germany in 1946,” Eugenical News Vol. XXXI (1946), p. 21. |
| 7. | Weindling, p. 394. Elof Axel Carlson, The Unfit: A History of a Bad Idea (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2001), pp. 323-324. Robert Jay Lifton, The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide (New York: Basic Books, 1986), p. 46. |
| 8. | Carnegie Institution of Washington, Announcement of Station for Experimental Evolution (Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1905), p. 4: CSH: CIW Administrative Files: Dept. of Genetics-Biological Laboratory Plans for Unified Operation. Letter, Dr. H. Iltis to Charles B. Davenport, 11 October, 1907: APS B:D27. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Eugen Fischer, 15 August 1908: APS B:D27 Fischer. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Eugen Fischer, 9 November 1908: APS B:D27. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Eugen Fischer, 12 January 1909: APS B:D27 Fischer. Letter, Eugen Fischer to Charles B. Davenport, 22 December 1908: APS B:D27. |
| 9. | Announcement of Station for Experimental Evolution, p. 4. Davenport to Fischer, 15 August 1908. Weindling, pp. 143,237. Benno Müller-Hill, Murderous Science, G. R. Fraser, trans. (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press: 1998), pp. 123,228 f.167. See Charles B. Davenport, Race Crossing In Jamaica (Washington: Carnegie Institute of Washington, 1929). See State Laws Limiting Marriage Selection Eugenics Record Office (Cold Spring Harbor: Cold Spring Harbor, 1913), pp. 31-36. See Charles B. Davenport, “Heredity and Race Eugenics,” p. 10: APS: B-D27. |
| 10. | Lady Georgina Chambers, “Notes on the Early Days of the ‘Eugenics Education Society,’” p. 11: Wellcome SA/EUG/B-11. |
| 11. | Weindling, pp. 141-147. |
| 12. | Weindling, pp. 145, 151. |
| 13. | Lenz, pp. 225-226. Weindling, pp. 152-153. |
| 14. | The Eugenics Education Society, “Programme,” Problems in Eugenics Vol. II: Report of Proceedings of the First International Eugenical Congress (Kingsway, W.C.: Eugenics Education Society, 1913), pp. 2, 3. “History of the International Organisation of Eugenics,” memorandum circa November 1923, pp. 1-12: Truman C-2-1 :2. Weindling, pp. 152-153. |
| 15. | See Geza von Hoffmann, Die Rassenhygiene in den Vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika (Munich: J.F. Lehmanns Verlag, 1913). |
| 16. | Von Hoffmann, p. 14. Lenz, p. 226. |
| 17. | Letter, Geza von Hoffmann to Harry H. Laughlin, 27 December 1913: Truman D-5-4:7. Letter, Geza von Hoffmann to Harry H. Laughlin: 26 May 1914: Truman D-5-4:7 |
| 18. | Letter, Von Hoffmann to Laughlin, 27 December 1913. Letter, Von Hoffmann to Laughlin, 26 May 1914. |
| 19. | “German Progress in Genetics,” Journal of Heredity Vol. V No. 6 June 1914), p. 243. Dr. von Stradonitz, “Bismarck’s Heredity,” Journal of Heredity Vol. V No. 6 June 1914), p. 254. Alfred Ploetz, “The First and Last Child,” Journal of Heredity Vol. V No. 6 June 1914), p. 268. “International Genetics Conference,” Journal of Heredity Vol. V No. 7 July 1914), p. 300. C. Fruwirth, “New Publications: Handbuch der landwirtschaftlichen Pflanzenzüchtung,” Journal of Heredity Vol. V No. 7 July 1914), p. 304. Eugen Fischer, “Racial Hybridization,” Journal of Heredity Vol. V No. 10 (October 1914), pp. 465-467. |
| 20. | KCET/Los Angeles, The British Broadcasting Corporation, and The Imperial War Museum of London, “Interactive Timeline,” The Great War and the Shaping of the 20th Century at www.pbs.org.Lenz , p. 226. Weindling, p. 314. See Madison Grant, The Passing of the Great Race (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1936). See letter, Erwin Baur to Charles B. Davenport, 24 November 1920: APS B:D27 - Davenport & Baur. See Deborah E. Lipstadt, Beyond Belief (New York: The Free Press, 1986), pp. 8-9. |
| 21. | “Babies- More, Fewer or None,” Eugenical News, Vol. II (1917), p. 31. |
| 22. | “Interactive Timeline,” The Great War and the Shaping of the 20th Century. William L. Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich: A History of Nazi Germany (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1960), pp. 52-57. |
| 23. | Harry H. Laughlin, “National Eugenics in Germany,” Eugenics Review, January 1921, reprinted in Harry Laughlin Reprints (Washington, DC: Carnegie Institute of Washington, n.d.). “Eugenical Research Association,” Eugenical News, Vol. V (1920), p. 44. “Eugenics Research Association - Eighth Annual Meeting,” Eugenical News, Vol. V (1920), p. 52. “National Eugenics in Germany,” Eugenical News, Vol. V (1920), pp. 55-56. |
| 24. | Letter, Baur to Davenport, 24 November 1920. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Erwin Baur, 16 December 1920: APS B:D27 - Baur, Erwin. “Notes and News,” Eugenical News, Vol. VI (1921), p. 8. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Eugen Fischer, 20 May 1921: APS B:D27-Fischer. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Agnes Bluhm, 30 August 1921: APS B:D27 - Bluhm, Agnes. |
| 25. | Shirer, p. 51. U.S. Holocaust Museum, “Blacks During the Holocaust,” at www.ushmm.org . Adolf Hitler, Mein Kompf, trans. Ralph Manheim, (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1943), Volume I, Chapter XI, p. 325. |
| 26. | Baur to Davenport, 24 November 1920. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Erwin Baur, 30 March 1923: APS B:D27 - Baur, Erwin. “Hygiene Congress Abandoned,” Eugenical News Vol. VI (1921), p. 32. |
| 27. | Baur to Davenport, 24 November 1920. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Hennan Lundborg, 24 October 1921: APS B:D27. “Minutes of the Meetings of the International Commission of Eugenics,” memorandum circa 1923: Truman C-2-1:2. Davenport to Bluhm, 30 August 1921. See letter, Agnes Bluhm to Charles B. Davenport, 17 October 1921: APS B:D27 -Bluhm, Agnes. See letter, Agnes Bluhm to Charles B. Davenport, 24 November 1921: APS B:D27 - Bluhm, Agnes. See letter, Richard Crane to Charles Evans Hughes, 7 September 1921: NA 59/250/22/10/3/5459. See letter, Alvey A. Adee to C. C. Little, 21 September 1921 : NA 59/250/22/10/3/5459. See letter, American Minister in Nicaragua to Charles Evans Hughes, 13 June 1921 : NA 59/250/22/10/3/5459. See letter, Benjamin Jefferson to Don Mariano Zelaya B., 12 April 1921: NA 59/250/22/10/3/5459. See letter, Mariano Zalaya B. to Benjamin Jefferson, 15 April 1921 : NA 59/250/22/10/3/5459. See letter, C. C. Little to the Envoy Extraordinary & Minister Plenipotentiary of the United States of America, 17 March 1921: NA 59/250/22/10/3/5459. Letter, Charles Hartman to Sr. Dr. Dn. N. Clemente Ponce, 7 June 1921: NA 59/250/22/10/3/5459. Letter, Walker Smith to Charles Evans Hughes, 29 June 1921: NA 59/250/22/10/3/5459. |
| 28. | Shirer, p. 61. French Diplomatic Archives, “Chronology: 1918-1939: Inter-War Period,” at www.france.diplomatie.fr . Missouri Western College, “The German Hyperinflation of 1923: A Seventy-Fifth Anniversary Retrospective,” at www.mwsc.edu . |
| 29. | Davenport to Baur, 30 March 1923. Letter, Charles B. Davenport to Cora Hodson, 17 December 1925: APS B:D27 - Davenport: International Federation of Eugenic Orgs. See letter, Cora Hodson to Charles B. Davenport, 26 November 1925: APS B:D27 - Davenport: International Federation of Eugenic Orgs. See letter, Cora Hodson to Charles B. Davenport, 30 December 1925: APS B:D27 - Davenport: International Federation of Eugenic Orgs. See letter, Charles B. Davenport to Hennan Lundborg, 21 November 1925: APS B:D27-Davenport: International Federation of Eugenic Orgs. See letter, Hennan Lundborg to Leonard Darwin, 8 December 1925 : APS B:D27 - Davenport: International Federation of Eugenic Orgs. See letter, Charles B. Davenport to Cora Hodson, 22 January 1926: APS B:D27 -Davenport: International Federation of Eugenic Orgs. See letter, Charles B. Davenport to Hennan Lundborg, 21 November 1925: APS B:D27 - Davenport: International Federation of Eugenic Orgs. |
| 30. | Davenport to Baur, 30 March 1923. |
| 31. | Letter, Fritz Lenz to Charles Davenport, 8 August 1923: APS B:D27 - Lenz, F. |
| 32. | Adam Smith [George J.W. Goodman], Paper Money (New York: Summit Books, 1981), pp. 57 -62. Robert L. Hetzel, “German Monetary History in the First Half of the Twentieth Century,” Economic Quarterly Vol. 88/1 (Winter 2002). |
| 33. | Shirer, pp. 68-79. Ian Kershaw, Hitler: 1889-1936: Hubris (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1998), p. 240. Müller-Hill, p. 121. |
| 34. | Shirer, p. 84. Hitler, Volume I, Chapter XI, pp. 302-327. Hitler, Volume II, Chapter XIV; pp. 654-655. |
| 35. | Lifton, p. 31. See Annette Horn, review of Aenne Baeumer-Schleinkofer, Nazi Biology and Schools, at web.uct.ac.za . See University of California, Berkeley Campus, “Biography of Ernst Haeckel (1934-1919),” at www.ucmp.berkeley.edu . |
| 36. | Kershaw, pp. 240, 241-242. Elof Axel Carlson, The Unfit: A History of a Bad Idea (Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2001), p. 323. Müller-Hill, pp. 8, 120. Weindling, pp. 330, 397. |
| 37. | Letter, Erwin Baur to Charles B. Davenport, 24 November 1920: APS B:D27 - Davenport & Baur. |
| 38. | Baur to Davenport, 24 November 1920. |
| 39. | Baur to Davenport, 24 November 1920. |
| 40. | Baur to Davenport, 24 November 1920. See Harvard University, “Blakeslee, Albert Francis, 1874-1954. Papers of Albert F. Blakeslee, 1912-1960: A Guide” at oasis.Harvard.edu. |
| 41. | Davenport to Baur, 30 March 1923. |
| 42. | Lifton, p. 23. Lenz to Davenport, 8 August 1923. |
| 43. | Lenz to Davenport, 8 August 1923. |
| 44. | Fritz Lenz, Menschichle Auslese und Rossenhygiene, vol. II of Erwin Baur, Eugen Fischer, and Fritz Lenz, Grundriss der menschlichen Erblichkeitslehre und Rossenhygiene (Munich: J.F. Lehmanns Verlag, 1923), p. 147 as cited by Lifton, p. 23. |
| 45. | See APS B:D27 - Fisher # I. See APS B:D27 -Fisher #2. SeeAPS B:D27 - Fisher #3. SeeAPS B:D27 - Fisher #4. See APS B:D27 - Fisher #5. See APS B:D27 - Fisher #6. |
| 46. | Erwin Baur, Eugen Fischer, and Fritz Lenz, Menschliche Erblichkeitslehre, Vol of Baur, Fischer, and Lenz, pp. 299-305. Lenz, Menschliche Auslese und Rossenhygiene, pp. 233-237. |
| 47. | Erwin Baur, Eugen Fischer and Fritz Lenz, Human Heredity, 3n1 Ed., trans. Eden & Cedar Paul (New York: The MacMillan Company, 1931), pp. 202, 204-206, 208, 311, 390 f. 2, 429 f. 2, 429 f. 3, 628-629, 638, 666-671, 680-681. Lenz, Menschliche Auslese und Rossenhygiene, p. 126. |
| 48. | Davenport to Baur, 30 March 1923. “Human Genetics and Eugenics,” Eugenical News, Vol. VIII (1923), p. 47. “Human Selection,” Eugenical News, Vol. VIII (1923), pp. 96-97. “Heredity and Eugenics: A Review,” The Journal of Heredity, Vol. XIV, No.7 (October 1923), p. 336. “Human Genetics and Eugenics,” Eugenical News, Vol. VIII (1923), p. 47. “Human Selection,” Eugenical News, Vol. VIII (1923), pp. 96-97. “A Compendium of Eugenics,” Eugenical News, Vol. VII (1922), p. 97. |
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