War Against the Weak: Eugenics and America's Campaign to Create a Master Race, Expanded Edition (102 page)

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52.
North Carolina General Assembly, “Statute Chapter 35: Sterilization Procedures” at
www.ncga.state.nc.us
. See D. Anthony D’Esposo, “Recent Developments in Post-Partum Sterilization,”
Eugenical News
Vol. XXXVI (1951), pp. 59-61. See “Notes and News Relating to Eugenics: Overpopulation in Puerto Rico,”
Eugenical News
Vol. XXVIII (1943), pp. 29-30. See “Notes and News Relating to Eugenics: Puerto Rico’s Population Problem,”
Eugenical News
Vol. XXX (1945), pp. 61-62. See “Sterilization Outside the United States,”
Eugenical News
Vol. XXXI (1946), p. 11. Generally see United States General Accounting Office, “Report B-164031 (5),” 27 February 1978.
53.
United States General Accounting Office, “Report B-I64031 (5): Enclosure I,” 27 February 1978.
54.
Loving v. Virginia,
388 U.S. I (1967).
55.
Loving v. Virginia,
388 U.S. I (1967).
56.
Loving v. Virginia,
388 U.S. I (1967).
57.
“Alabama Repeals Century-Old Ban on Interracial Marriages,”
Cable News Network
,
8 November 2000.
58.
See “Memorandum for Dr. Merriam re Meeting of advisory committee on Eugenics Record Office.”
59.
Buck v. Bell,
274 U.S. 200 (1927).
60.
“Nazi Retribution Widened by Eden,”
New York Times
,
18 December 1942. “Allies Describe Outrages on Jews,”
New York Times
, 20
December 1942.
61.
Hebrew Union College, “An Inventory to tbe Raphael Lemkin Papers: Biographical Sketch,” at
www.huc.edu
. Raphael Lemkin,
Axis Rule in Occupied Europe: Analysis, Proposals for Redress
(Washington DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1944), pp. xi, xiv, xv.
62.
“The Moscow Conference; October 1943,” at
www.yale.edu.lawweb/avalon
. “Nuremberg Trials Final Report Appendix D : Control Council Law No. 10,” at
www.yale.edu.lawweb/avalon
.
63.
Lemkin,
Axis Rule in Occupied Europe,
pp. xv, 79-95. Raphael Lemkin, “Genocide - A Modern Crime,”
Free World
Vol. 4 (April 1945), pp. 39-43.
64.
Rauschning, as cited by Lemkin,
Axis Rule in Occupied Europe,
Chapter IX, Section II, f. 29.
65.
Lemkin, “Genocide - A Modern Crime. “ “An Inventory to tbe Raphael Lemkin Papers.”
66.
“Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. I: London Agreement of August 8th 1945,” at
www.yale.edu.lawweb/avalon
. “Trial of German Major War Criminals Nuremberg: First Day: Tuesday, 20th November 1945 (Part I of 10),” at
www.nizkor.org
. Jewish Virtual Library, “Hans Frank,” at
www.us-israel.org
. Jewish Virtual Library, “Julius Streicher,” at
www.us-israel.org
. Jewish Virtual Library, “Hans Fritzche,” at
www.us-israel.org
. Mazal Library, “Trials of War Criminals before the Nuernberg Military Tribunals under Control Council Law No. 10,”at
www.mazal.org
.
67.
United Nations Resolution 95 (1), “Affirmation of tbe Principles of International Law Recognized by tbe Charter of tbe Ntirnberg Tribunal.”: United Nations Archives. United Nations Resolution 96 (1), “The Crime of Genocide.”: United Nations Archives.
68.
Office of tbe High Commissioner for Human Rights, “Convention on tbe Prevention and Punishment of tbe Crime of Genocide,” at
www.unhchr.ch
.
69.
Office of tbe High Commissioner for Human Rights. See
Nuremberg Military Tribunal, Green Book, Volume IV,
p. 626.
70.
Nuremberg Military Tribunal, Green Book, Volume
IV
; pp. 609-614, 617.
71.
Nuremberg Military Tribunal, Green Book, Volume
IV
; p. 610.
72.
Nuremberg Military Tribunal, Green Book, Volume
V
, pp. 3-4.
73.
Nuremberg Military Tribunal, Green Book, Volume IV,
pp. 611-612.
74.
Nuremberg Military Tribunal, Green Book, Volume IV,
pp. 613, 1121-1127.
75.
Nuremberg Military Tribunal, Green Book, Volume IV,
pp. 675, 680, 681-682, 1101.
76.
Nuremberg Military Tribunal, Green Book, Volume IV,
p. 682. Memorial Lidice, “History,” at
www.lidice-memorial.cz
.
77.
Nuremberg Military Tribunal, Green Book, Volume IV,
pp. 613, 614.
78.
Nuremberg Military Tribunal, Green Book, Volume IV,
pp. 614, 616.
79.
Nuremberg Military Tribunal, Green Book, Volume IV, p. 617.
80.
“Protocol of tbe Wannsee Conference,” 20 January 1942 at
www.ghwk.de
.
81.
Nuremberg Military Tribunal, Green Book, Volume IV,
p. 1180.
82.
Nuremberg Military Tribunal, Green Book, Volume
IV
, pp. 1I58, 1I59.
83.
Nuremberg Military Tribunal, Green Book, Volume IV,
p. 1159.
84.
Nuremberg Military Tribunal, Green Book, Volume IV,
p. 1159.
85.
Nuremberg Military Tribunal, Green Book, Volume V,
p. 166.
CHAPTER TWENTY
1.
American Breeders’ Association, “Minutes,”
First Annual Meeting,
1903, pp. 1-2: APS. American Breeders’ Association, “Committees and Their Specific Duties,”
Annual Report, American Breeders’ Association,
vol. II (1906), p. 11. E. Carlton MacDowell, “Charles Benedict Davenport, 1866-1944: A Study of Conflicting Influences,”
BIOS
vol. XVII no. I, pp. 23-24. American Genetic Association, “Overview,” at
lsvl.la.asu.edu/aga
.
2.
Robert C. Olby, “Horticulture: The Font for tbe Baptism of Genetics,”
Nature Reviews
Vol. 1 (October 2000), pp. 65, 68. See letter, William Bateson to Adam Sedgewick, 4 May 1905.
3.
University of Cambridge Department of Genetics, “A Brief History of tbe Department,” at
www.gen.cam.ac.uk
.
4.
American Genetic Association, “Overview.” Eugenics Research Association,
Active Membership Accession List
(Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Eugenics Research Association, 1922): Truman ERA Membership Records. “College Courses in Genetics and Eugenics,”
Eugenical News
Vol.
 I (1916), pp. 26-27. See
Eugenical News
Vol. XV (1930) as compared to
Eugenical News
Vol. XIV (1929).
5.
Edmund W. Sinnott and L.C. Dunn,
Principles of Genetics: An Elementary Text, with Problems
(New York: McGraw-Hili, 1925), p. 406.
6.
Letter, L.c. Dunn to John C. Merriam, 3 July 1935: Truman C-2-2:2.
7.
“Report of the Committee on Human Heredity,” memorandum attached to letter, Laurence H. Snyder to Harry H. Laughlin, 27 September 1937: Truman D-2-3:21. Laurence H. Synder, “Presidential Address: Present Trends in the Study of Human Inheritance,”
Eugenical News
Vol. XXIII (1938), p. 61.
8.
“Report of the Committee on Human Heredity.”
9.
“Report of the Committee on Human Heredity.”
10.
Synder, p. 61.
11.
Snyder, p. 61.
12.
Tage U.H. Ellinger, “On the Breeding of Aryans,”
Journal of Heredity
Vol. XXXIII (April 1942), pp. 141-142.
13.
Ellinger, pp. 141-142.
14.
Ellinger, pp. 141-142.
15.
Ellinger, p. 141.
16.
Ellinger, p. 142.
17.
Ellinger, p. 142.
18.
Ellinger, p. 142.
19.
Ellinger, pp. 142-143.
20.
Ellinger, p. 143.
21.
“Eugenics After the War,”
Eugenical News
Vol. XXXIII (1943), p. II.
22.
“Eugenics After the War,” p. II.
23.
“Eugenics in 1952,”
Eugenical News
Vol. XXXIII (1943), p. 12.
24.
“Eugenics in 1952,” p. 13.
25.
“Maternity, the Family and the Future,”
Eugenical News
Vol. XXXIII (1943), p. 22.
26.
“Notes and News Relating to Eugenics,”
Eugenical News
Vol. XXIX (1944), p. 33. “Discussion: Eugenics After the War,”
Eugenical News
Vol. XXX (1945), p. 23.
27.
“Eugenics in England,”
Eugenical News
Vol. XXX (1945), pp. 34, 36.
28.
“Eugenics and Modem Life: Retrospect and Prospect,” 
Eugenical News
Vol. XXXI (1946), p. 33.
29.
“Eugenics and Modem Life: Retrospect and Prospect,” pp. 33, 34-35.
30.
Report, Tage Kemp to the Rockefeller Foundation, 17 November 1932: RF RG 1.2 Ser 713 Box 2 Folder 15.
31.
Letter, Daniel P. O’Brien to Tage Kemp, 29 June 1934: RF RG 1.2 Ser 713 Box 2 Folder 15.
32.
O’Brien to Kemp, 29 June 1934. Tage Kemp, “To the Rockefeller Foundation: Report of Visits to Various Institutes, Laboratories etc. for Human Genetics in Europe,” circa December 1934, pp. 54-55.: RF RG 1.2 Ser 713 Box 2 Folder 16.
33.
Kemp, pp. 59-61, 62-63.
34.
Kemp, p. 57.
35.
See “University of Copenhagen - Institute of Human Genetics,” memorandum circa June 1939: RF RG
1.2
Ser 713 Box 1 Folder 15.
36.
“To The Rockefeller Foundation,” memorandum circa 1935: RFRG 1.2 Ser 713A Box 2 Folder 17. See “To the Ministry for Public Education,” memorandum circa February 1935: RF RG
1.2
Ser 713A Box 2 Folder 17.
37.
“University of Copenhagen - Institute of Human Genetics.” “To The Rockefeller Foundation.” “News and Notes Relating to Eugenics,”
Eugenical News
Vol. XXXII (1947), p. 30.
38.
Frederick Osborn, “History of the American Eugenics Society,” unpublished draft of 20 January 1971, p. 15: APS: AES Records-Osborn Papers #2 - History of the AES. Wake Forest University, “Centennial: Wake Forest ‘Firsts’ in Medicine,” at
www.wfubmc.edu
. “The Twenty-Sixth Annual Meeting of the Eugenics Research Association, June 2 1938,”
Eugenical News
Vol. XXIII (1938), p. 72. Manson Meads,
The Miracle on Hawthorne Hill
(Winston-Salem, NC: Wake Forest University, 1988), p. 32. William Allan, “The Relationship of Eugenics to Public Health,”
Eugenical News
Vol. XXI (1936), p. 74. See William Allan, “The Inheritance of the Shaking Palsy,”
Eugenical News
VoI.XX 
(1935), p. 72.
39.
“Forsyth in the Forefront,”
Winston-Salem Journal.
“Lifting the Curtain on a Shameful Era,”
Winston-Salem Journal.
40.
C. Nash Herndon, “Human Resources From the Viewpoint of Medical Genetics,”
Eugenical News
Vol. XXXV (1950), pp. 6-8. “Lifting the Curtain On a Shameful Era.” See “Against Their Will: North Carolina’s Sterilization Program.”
41.
Osborn, “History of the American Eugenics Society,” pp. 16-17.
42.
Osborn, “History of the American Eugenics Society,” pp. 4, 17. American Philosophical Society, “Frederick Henry Osborn Papers,” at
www.amphilsoc.org
. “The Twenty-Sixth Annual Meeting of the Eugenics Research Association, June 2 1938.” “B. Early History and Development,”
Organized Eugenics,
(New Haven, CT: American Eugenics Society, 1931), p. 3.
43.
Osborn, “History of the American Eugenics Society,” p. 17.
44.
Frederick Osborn, “Population and The Progress of Civilization”, presented at Hunter College, 22 December 1959: APS: AES Records: Osborn Papers #9.
45.
Letter, Frank Lorimer to Frederick Osborn. 1 October 1959: APS: AES Records - Osborn Papers #2 - Letters on Eugenics.
46.
Frederick Osborn, “Draft Prepared for the Directors’ Meeting, April 23rd: Eugenics: Retrospect and Prospect,” draft of 26 March 1959: APS: AES Records - Osborn Papers.
47.
Letter, Bruce Wallace to Frederick Osborn, 11 April 1961: APS: AES Records - Osborn Papers #2 - Letters on Eugerucs.
48.
Letter, Sheldon C. Reed to Harry L. Shapiro, 15 May 1961: APS: AES Records.
49.
Letter, Frederick Osborn to P.S. Barrows, 25 August 1965: APS: AES Records - Osborn Papers #2 - Letters on Eugenics. Letter, Frederick Osborn to Frank Lorimer, 17 September 1959: APS. Letter, Gordon Allen to Frederick Osborn, 23 May 1961: APS: AES Records. Frederick Osborn, “A Program of Eugenics,” undated paper circa May 1961: APS.
50.
Osborn to P.S. Barrows, 25 August 1965.
51.
Letter, Frederick Osborn to Paul Popenoe, 25 March 1965: APS: AES Records - Osborn Papers #2 - Letters on Eugenics. Letter, Frederick Osborn to Sheldon E. Hermanson, 12 April 1965: APS: AES Records - Osborn Papers #2 - Letters on Eugenics. See Osborn, “History of the American Eugenics Society,” p. 20.
52.
Letter, Frederick Osborn to Alexander Robertson, 11 October 1967: APS: AES Records - Osborn Papers #2 - Letters on Eugenics. Letter, Dick Hoefnagel to Carnegie Institute of Washington, 5 February 1968: CSH GRO Correspondence 1966-69.
53.
“#4519: Human Betterment League of North Carolina Records: Inventory,” at
www.lib.unc.edu
. AIM25, “Penrose, Correspondence,” at
www.aim25.ac.uk
. University College of London, “UCL & Galton,” at
collection.ucl.ac.uk
. “The Annals of Human Genetics Homepage,” at
www.gene.ucl.ac.uk
. “The Galton Institute: Annual Report, 1989.”: Wellcome
SA/EUG/A 95.
54.
Osborn, “History of the American Eugerucs Society,” p. 9. Author’s interview with Jay Olshansky, 10 February 2003. “American Eugenics Society,” at
www.amphilsoc.org
.
55.
See letter, B. C. Lake to Sewall Wright, 2 June 1954: APS: AES Records. See “American Genetic Association,” at
lsvl.la.asu.edu/aga
.
56.
See Planned Parenthood Federation of America, Inc., “About Us,” at
www.plannedparenthood.org
. See John R. Weeks, “Vignettes of PAA History: Milbank, Princeton and the War,” at
www.pop.psu.edu
. See “American Eugenics Society.” See “Population Council - Fiftieth Anniversary - Officers,” at
www.pop-council.org
.
57.
James D. Watson, “President of Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory,” at
www.cshl.org
. See “Celebrating 50 years of DNA,” at
www.dna50.org
.

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