Wallach's Interpretation of Diagnostic Tests: Pathways to Arriving at a Clinical Diagnosis (801 page)

   Primary sclerosing cholangitis

   Alzheimer disease

   Use of birth control pills

Decreased In

   Hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson disease)

   Autosomal recessive disease involving copper metabolism

   Kwashiorkor, malabsorption

   Nephrosis, nephritic syndrome

   Menkes kinky hair syndrome

   Aceruloplasminemia

   Limitations

   Anticonvulsant therapy, methadone, tamoxifen, oral contraceptives, and smoking increase serum levels.

CHLORIDE

   Definition

   Chloride is the major extracellular anion; it is not actively regulated normally. It reflects changes in sodium; if it changes independent of sodium, this is usually due to an acid–base disorder.

   
Normal range:
97–110 mmol/L.